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HomeMy WebLinkAbout01-16-2013 Written Communications -redactedCity of Saratoga HERITAGE PRESERVATION COMMISSION AGENDA Date: Wednesday, January 16, 2013 — 6:00 p.m. Place: City Council /HPC Joint Meeting — Administrative Conference Room 1. 2012 in Review 2. 2013 Preview and Discussion 3. Communication & Education 4. Heritage Orchard: A Community Engagement Project 5.- Preservation of the Saratoga Village 6. Question & Answers Ai G13 '1 ....:iS. coo+! Ile 1 Boor Ville �; EXRE LANES - Z a MIT- V h1l e w ire s s L a n,e s _ _.. '•� -.�..• � �. X. I 'Ili n'-+a A-7 - t6 a Cit ounctl Meeting x � 2073 Whatips an Express Lane? o Carpool Lanes converted to Express Lanes o Eligible carpool users including transit and motorcycles — Still travel FREE o Provides new choice for solo drivers Solo drivers pay a toll to access express lane o All drivers benefit from a convenient, reliable, and time saving commute CJ :5 IJ 4 How Do- Express Lanes Work ? o Electronic Toll Collection - no tollbooths o Tolls collected from solo drivers u 0 L• Congestion (dynamic) pricing 45 mph minimum speed on Express Lanes Hours of Operation Peak period with option to expand hours in future January 2013 y Silicon Valley EXPRESS LANES nk �r ✓ '�� -„'�' i ri r c y � .i � It ♦ fl. :Fi r y ""�� �': Y � �-::� �^.:. '� ;, � i � b � � tc`1 7Er.. H.VS �`, Fa c•`, FY t^,£ r Viµ; jK r�� - 4 j if �. t r ,•1r t ♦� t \ c ".c..a; ` -L� 'i'`, °., +.'� 4, -.i. "r-; . How Are Toll Revenues Used? a Operations, maintenance, and enforcement a Revenue to stay within corridor Any remaining revenues for transportation improvements including transit WS 7 MA, K-7 KEEPING EBAY E-4, OVPNI A. -1 January 20.13 Silicon I/I VI 4WOZEXPRESS ANES 10 Silicon Valley Express Lanes Silicon Valley Express Lanes Program — Efficient use of existing infrastructure SILICON VALLEY EXPRESS LANES — Mobility option that saves time � SAN MUM= ELAY Source of additional r�° "��� Ledlb ARC evenue � Y ❑ SR 237 Express Lanes — Phase 1 — Phase 2 ❑ SR 85 Express Lanes ❑ US 101 Express Lanes January 2013 Silicon ValIZ T/'. EXPRESS LANES i 0 u SR 237 Express Lanes Project Description — Convert existing 1 -lane HOV lane to Express Lane from I -880 to Mathilda Ave Phase 1 Prot ect a — Project cost: $12 mil — Opened March 2012 o Phase 2 Project — Environmental Studies Commencing _ Target of Qpening_ in 2015 funding dependent January. 2013 TXSilicon .) /alley EXPRESS LANES X SR 85 Express Lanes.. Project Description — Convert existing 1 -lane HOV lane and add another express lane for half the segment — Project length: 24 miles — Project cost: $180 mil ❑ Environmental Clearance — Circulation Spring 2013 — Approval Mid 2013 ❑ Project Opening — Targeting 2016, funding dependent January 2013 4rXSilicon bailey EXPRESS LANES US 101 Express Lanes ❑ Project Description — 2 -lane Express banes �a Sur MANnsco.`• oourrr ear � (convert 1 -lane HOV lane and add another lane) �°'°��° :,.�, o BWWON Wki Mountain ,� 4 �e Milpitas • u.S:101 fulmhu e. — Project length: 34 miles �'� �° m �' ®�us.'olF, Lw= Sunnpals — Project cast: $425 mil Los as OIL. sonta aaro �• ,� by ELmGw9 ❑ Environmental Clearance Son copef se ina — Circulation. Mid 2013b weratiaa camphd s+,••• — Approval Late 2013 gap HM - .°" ..ead Saratoga ❑ Project Opening Gil" loGalas mum N, — Targeting 2018, funding dependent January 2013 Silicon 1/alley T�. EXPRESS' LANES- SAN FRANCISCO .ALA C BAY OU 'SANVATEO 1680 'COUNTY.� Led b,.yACrC sffcm Palo Alto Morgan Hi Mountain Vijew Gil Ov - Sunnyvale, Cupertino Milpitas MAV199f Local Highways Express Lanes En , 'Operation Express, Lanes, Under DevelDpment Santa Clara m Future Express Lanes Authorized 'Under LegIslation San Jose' Campbell t A NN SANTA CLARA COUNTY 1.25 r3 5 Morgan ;Hill, Gilroy',-A r _ MR yr{ r t YPRE LANES 1 - \ \\l \' yy i y IT ha-n r fig. f, �Que s�lon�s —...4 Visit: www.vta.ori!/expressianes /expresslanes Email: communi .outreach vta.or Call: 408 - 321 -7575 MAUREEN JONES - ARCHIVIST (408) 297 -8487 Safe Drinking Water Keepe rs -of- the -We 11. org 1205 Sierra Ave. San Jose, CA 95126 maureenj @pacbell.net r luorideAlert. org Keepers of- the- Nt'ell 1 • 23? 29 ap. i1. I94. sub j eats Requvet for Aalze,1 to Datomins • tvat: aI �a:�ou� �, sty.:. �: �c tea. ��s �I.. SCst:arC L,t Tax.-.en, U. S. 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Twenty-seven rats wet divided into three groups and for one year were given either distilled water. distilled wa- ter with 2.1 ppm NaF —the same concen- tration of fluoride normally used in fluori- dated drinking water —or disdlled water with 0.5 ppm AlF3. in both-treated groups, the aluminum levels in the brain were el- evated relative to controls. The research- ers speculate that fluoride in water may complex with the aluminum in food and enable it to cross the blood-brain barrier. Both treated groups also suffered neural injury and showed increased deposits of f�amyloid protein in the brain, similar to those seen in humans with Alzheimer's disease. "While the small amount of AIF3 ... required for . neurotoxic effects is sur- prising, perhaps even more surprises are the neurotoidc effects of NaF" at 2.1 ppm, the authors write.• APRIL 27. 1998.C&EN 29 a� ctl ca .v a U Q co t-i The Reporter y for rational x _4. resource management 82 Judson, Canton NY 13617 315 - 379 -9200; fax 315.379-0448; ernail: wastenot ® northnet.org September 107 I n .t r o d u e t i o n: The following article was commissioned by the Christian Science Monitor in the spring of 1997. Despite much favorable comment from, editors, and full documentation, the story remains unpublished by the Monitor. To enquire why, the Monitor's 'phone number is 617- 450 -2000. By any yardstick, this report was an award- winning scoop for any national paper. The report offers a glimpse into the history of fluoride, a bio- accumulative toxic that Americans ingest every day. The authors, Griffiths and Bryson, spent more than a year. on research. With the belief that the. information should be withheld no longer, the authors gave their report to Waste Not, and others, with a short note: "use as you wish." The science of fluoridating public drinking water systems has been, from day one, shoddy at best. As we learn from this report, the basis of that - science was rooted in protecting the U.S. Atomic bomb program from litigation. Americans have been :convinced that fluoride will save their teeth and we drink more fluoridated water than any other nationality on'earth. We learned about the dirty politics involved in the science and selling of fluoridation to a trusting public. We spent three months researching fluoride which resulted in the longest newsletter we've ever produced: Waste Not # 373. We learned that fluoride is a poison that accumulates in our bones. It has been associated with cancer in young males; osteoporosis; reduced. I:Q.; and hip :b fractures in the elderly, to name a few: George Orwell would have been dazzled by the promotion of this toxic by dental and � public health officials and concurrently, the avoidance of this issue by the environmental community: We think it has a lot to do with the sordid 50 -year history of the promotion of fluoridation by the U.S. Department of Public Health and the American eel Dental Association. Rather than acknowledge the accumulating evidence of fluoride's threat to human health; they have en- trenched themselves in a position that has produced tactics that include the harassment of scientists and- dentists who speak out. About the authors: 2 Joel Griffiths is a medical writer in New York City, author of a book on radiation hazards and numerous articles-for medical. and W popular publications. Joel can be contacted at 212- 662 -6695. Chris Bryson holds a Masters degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, and has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation, The Manchester Guardian, The Christian Science Monitor and Public Television: Chris can. be contacted at 212 - 665 -3442. . FLT V . ®RIDE TEETH AND,-. TIIE A,T OMI C BOMB. BY JOEL GRIFFITHS AND: CHRIS BRYSON Some fifty years after the United States began adding fluoride to public water supplies to reduce cavities in children's teeth, declassified government documents are shedding new light on the roots of that still - controversial public health measure, revealing a surprising connection between fluoride and the dawning of the nuclear age. Today, two thirds of U.S. public drinking water is fluoridated. Many municipalities still resist the practice, disbelieving the government's assurances of safety. Since the days of World War II, when this nation prevailed by building the world's first atomic bomb, U.S. public health leaders have'maintained that.low doses of fluoride are safe for people, and good for children's teeth. That safety verdict should now be re- examined in the .light of hundreds of once - secret WWII documents obtained by Griffiths and Bryson -- including declassified papers of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. military group that built the atomic bomb. Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production, according to the documents. Massive quantities of fluoride - - millions of tons -- were essential for the manufacture of bomb - grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War.' One of-the most toxic chemicals known, fluoride rapidly emerged as the leading chemical health hazard of the U.S atomic .bomb program- -both for workers and for nearby communities, the documents reveal. Other: revelations include:. -- Much of the original proof that fluoride is safe for humans in low doses was generated .by A- bomb program scientists, who had been secretly ordered to provide "evidence useful in litigation" against defense contractors for fluoride injury to citizens. The first lawsuits against the U.S. A- 3�asfe -':Not , Page 2 I bomb; program were not over radiation, but .over accumulates in bones = "The teeth'`are windows to. :'fluoride 'damage;_the documents show: what's happening in the bones," explains Paul ` Connett, Professor of." Chemistry at St. Lawrence =. Human studies were required: Bomb program University (N.Y.). 'Ini recent years,'pedatric_bone researchers'played a Ieading rol`e'in the design and;' specialists have. expressed alarm about. an increase irnpleir 7- ' i ion•' the- most-extensiv' & U .-S. study-.•• , in.: stress,- fractures among.•: U.S, young people; of the heaith effects.. of, fluoridating public, drinking: Connett. and other'scientists are concerned: that . - water '-- conducted , in. -Newburgfi, Ne'w'York. from.' fluoride' -- linked to bone:damage'by studies. since 1945 to'..1956.: Theri, in 'a,. classified operation the 1930's- may be a contributing factor: The code- named ; "Program F," they secretly gathered. declassified documents• add. urgency: much of the -and . anal•yzed� blood and tissue' samples from original proof Ghat .low =dose fluoride-is safe for .. .: : Newburgh':citizens, with. the: cooperation of State children's bones came from U.S.: ,bomb program Health.Department:persorinel. .: scientists,'according to this investigation: The "original secret version -- obtained by: these Now,' .researchers:. who have, reviewed" these. reporters of. a 1948 study published by Program; declassified �docunnents fear•thaf Cold War national F sciehtists n' the,Journat 6y Me Amencdn Dentdt security consideratioris' . may have `prevented Asso. "cianon;`shows that evidence of adverse health objective scientif'cevaluation of vital:public health' effects' from "fluoride was censored by ,the U: S,' questions concerning fluoride:: ' ::: Atonuc ;Energy. Co- .;.. on :(AEC) =- considered: : . "Infonnahon was 'buried; concludes Dr:';Phyhis the most powerful of Cold War agencies for ' Mullenix, 'foriner:head;of%toxicology at Forsyth. •; '. reasons of national security ' s Dental:: Center inBoston: ;and ;.riow a critic of The' bomb program s. fluoride "safety;.'studies ; :. :fluoridation: Animal .studies ••1Vlullenix', and co- were conducted at: the •University of; Rochester; ` :..workers conducted at Forsyth in the'early 1990 s site•of one of the most notorious human radiation: indicated that fluoride :was a- powerful central ,. experiments of ahe Cold ;War, m; :which;: nervous system (CNS) toxin, and might adversely:.`: r unsuspecting hospital patients -were injected with;:: ::affect human. brain' fiinctiomng even, at low: do es: toxnc doses of radioactive :plutonium :: The' ;flu nae: (New :epidemiological' evidence from China adds (studies were conducted <with` ;the same ethical upport, showmg;a correlationbetween low dose: u ^.; ,mind set, m which national securityY was-' fluorideexposue aril diinmiste °d I Q:. ;m `Chl ,r paramount ldren) Nlullenix s results were.,pubhshed m t 14951 reputable peer reviewed scientific d ;` The;U S government's'confhct of interest and- journal sitsmotive,to: -prove fluoride, "safe" has not until •::. ;now beenfmade'clear to the general public ;in the During her mvesfrgation;; Mulleux was astoiushed .` "furious debate over water fluoridation since the to discover there had been virtually :no previous, f.1950's;° nor to civilian ?'researchers= and health: :U S : atudies of fluoride's effects on he fiuman,:.:. ,.professionals, orjournahsts6 i --brain Then; her application fora grant to continue. 4 >i her CNS research was ;turned .down . y: the' .- S The declassified documerits resonate with growing :. :National ,Iristitutes of Health: (NIH); where an body�ofa scientific evidence, and a chorus of, 11 I NIHapanel, she says; flatly told her that "fluoride uest16'ns, about the health effects of fluoride m q 4 does not have central nervous system:effects " thewenvironment f Declassified documents:of the:U S' atomic =bomb ;Human exposure to fluori de has mushroomed program indicate; otherwise An April �smce 'World. War II, due not only to fluoridated Manhattan; Project memo; :reports- "Clinical. ! water and toothpaste, =but ao environmental; • evidence suggest's that uranium hexafluoride may pollution by:ma�or industries from:alummumtrto' :' have `a':`rather marked•central riervous;'system T Pesticides fluoride' is a critical industrial cherrucal ' ' ,F v effect It seems{:most;likely::that the F [code ' The'impact can be seen, literally, mthe smles'of -fluorde]'component rather than the T [code for our children Large numbers of :U S young. uranium is the causative factor' ` Ypeople`- upto 80 percenM some cities now, have . 1 dental.'fluorosis, the first = visible sign.of excessive - The memo = stamped "secret " :-Is` addressed to the fluoride exposure, according` to; the U.S' National ' head•: of the' Manhattan = Project s Medical, Section, ,.. ,. Research Council` .(The signs' are whitish flecks or. Colonel Stafford Warren Colonel Warren is :as ked ao a rove`a ro ram "of animal;research.on CNS spots', particularly on the front :teeth, or dark spots, , pp P g. or stripes in more severe cases) effects Since :work :with these compounds is_ r. essential, it will b "e necessary to know m advance . what mental effects may: occur, after exposure. =Less known to the.:pubhc is that;fluoride also r .• ,Printed on 100% recycled paper naturally. . I Waste Not # 414 Paga3 1 This. is important not only to protect a given individual, but also to prevent a confused workman from injuring others by improperly performing his duties." On the same- day,. Colonel Warren approved the CNS research program. This was in 1944, at the height of the Second World War and the nation's race, to build.the world's first atomic bomb. For research on fluoride's CNS effects to be approved at such a momentous time, the supporting evidence set forth in the.proposal forwarded along with the memo must have been persuasive. The proposal, however, is missing from the files of the U.S. National Archives. "If you find the memos, but the document they refer to is missing, its probably still classified," said Charles Reeves, chief librarian at the Atlanta branch of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, where the memos were found'. Similarly, no results of the Manhattan Project's fluoride CNS research could be found in: the files. After reviewing- the memos, Mullenix declared herself "flabbergasted." She went on., "-How could I be told by NIH that fluoride has no central nervous system effects when these documents, were sitting there all the .time ?" She reasons that the Manhattan Project did do fluoride CNS studies -- "that kind of . warning, that fluoride workers might-be a danger to the bomb program by improperly, performing their duties --I. can't imagine that would 'be ignored'' -- 'but that. the results were buried because they might create a difficult legal and public relations problem.for the government. The author of the 1944 CNS- re.search..proposal was Dr. Harold C. Hodge, at the time chief of fluoride toxicology studies for the University of Rochester division of the Manhattan Project. Nearly fifty years later at the Forsyth Dental Center in.Boston, Dr. Mullenix was introduced to a gently ambling elderly man brought in to serve as a consultant on her CNS research -- Harold C.. Hodge. By then Hodge had achieved status emeritus as a world authority on fluoride safety. "But even though he was supposed to be helping me," says Mullenix, "he never once mentioned the CNS work he had done for the Man_ hattan - Project. The "black hole" in fluoride CNS research since the days of the Manhattan Project is unacceptable to Mullenix, who refuses to abandon the issue. "There is so much fluoride exposure now, and we simply do not know what it is doing," she says. "You can't just walk away from this." advisor familiar with Dr. Mullenix's grant request, says her proposal was rejected by a.scientific peer - review group. He terms her claim of institutional bias against fluoride CNS research "farfetched" he adds, "We strive very' hard at NIH to make sure politics does not enter the picture." Fluoride and National Security The documentary trail. begins at the height of WW2, in 1944, when a severe pollution incident occurred downwind of the E.I. du Pont du Nemours Company chemical factory in' Deepwater, New Jersey. The factory was then producing millions of pounds of fluoride for the Manhattan project, the ultra- secret U.S. military program,racing to produce the world's first atomic bomb. The farms downwind in Gloucester and Salem counties were famous for their high - quality produce -- their peaches ' went directly to the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York. Their tomatoes were bought up by Campbell's Soup. But in, the summer of 1943, the farmers began to report that their crops were .blighted, and that "something is burning up the peach crops around here:" Poultry died after an all -night thunderstorm, they reported. Farm workers who. ate the produce they had picked sometimes vomited all night and into the next day. - "I remember our horses looked sick and were too* stiff to work," these reporters were told. by Mildred .Giordano, who was a teenager at the time. Some cows were so crippled they could not stand up, and grazed by crawling on their. bellies. The account was confirmed in taped interviews, shortly before he died, with Philip Sadtler of Sadder Laboratories of Philadelphia; one of the nation's oldest chemical consulting firms. Sadder had personally conducted the initial investigation of the damage. Although the farmers did not know it, the attention of . the Manhattan Project and the federal government was riveted. on the New Jersey incident, according to once - secret ' documents obtained by these reporters. After the war's end, in a secret Manhattan Project memo dated March 1, 1946, .the Project's chief of fluoride toxicology studies, Harold C. Hodge, worriedly wrote to his boss Colonel Stafford L. Warren, Chief of the Medical Division, about "problems associated with the question of fluoride contamination of the atmosphere in a certain. section of New Jersey. There seem to be four distinct (though related) roblems " continued Hodge; Dr. Antonio Noronha, an NIH scientific review P ' Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally Waste Not # 414 Page 1. A question of injury of the peach crop in 1944. "2. A report of extraordinary fluoride content of vegetables grown in this area. "3. A report of abnormally high fluoride content in the blood of human individuals residing in this area. "4. A report raising the question of serious poisoning of horses and cattle in.this area." The New Jersey farmers waited until the war was over, then sued du Pont and the Manhattan Project for fluoride damage -- reportedly the first lawsuits against the U.S. A -bomb program. Although seemingly trivial, the lawsuits shook the government, the..secret documents reveal. Under the personal direction of Manhattan Project chief Major General Leslie R.Groves, secret meetings were convened in, Washington, with compulsory attend_ ance by scores 'bf scientists and officials from the U.S War Department, the Manhattan. Project, the Food and Drug Administration, the Agriculture and Justice Departments, the U.S Army's. Chemical Warfare Service and Edgewood. Arsenal, the Bureau of Standards, and du Pont lawyers: Declassified memos of the meetings reveal a secret mobilization of the full forces of the government to defeat the New Jersey farmers: These agencies "are making scientific investigations to obtain evidence which may be used to protect the.'interest of the Government at the trial'of the suits brought by owners of peach orchards in ... New Jersey," stated Manhattan Project Lieutenant Colonel Cooper B. Rhodes, .in a memo c.c.'d to General Groves. "27 August 1945 "Subject: Investigation of Crop Damage at Lower Penns Neck, New Jersey To: The Commanding General, Army Service Forces, Pentagon Biuilding, Washington D.C. "At the request of the Secretary of War the Department of Agriculture has agreed to cooperate in investigating complaints of crop damage attributed...' to fumes from. a_ plant operated in connection with the Manhattan Project." Signed, L.R. Groves, Major General U.S.A. "The Department of Justice is cooperating in the defense of these suits," wrote General Groves in a Feb. 28, 1946 memo to the Chairman of the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy. Why the national- security emergency over a few lawsuits by. New Jersey farmers? In 1946 the United States had begun full -scale production of atomic bombs. No other nation had yet tested a nuclear weapon, and the A -bomb was seen as crucial for U S leadership of the postwar world. The New Jersey fluoride lawsuits were a serious roadblock to that strategy. "The specter of endless lawsuits haunted the military," writes Lansing Lamont in his acclaimed book about the first atomic bomb test, "Day of Trinity."' In the case of fluoride, "If the farmers won; it would open the door to further suits, ' which might impede- the bomb program's ability to use fluoride," said Jacqueline Kittrell, a Tennessee public interest lawyer specializing in nuclear cases, who • examined the declassified fluoride documents. (Kittrell has represented plaintiffs in several human radiation experiment cases.) She' added, "The reports of human injury were especially threatening, because of the potential for enormous settlements -- not to mention the PR problem." Indeed,. du Pont was particularly concerned about the "possible psychologic reaction" to the New Jersey pollution incident; according to a secret 1946 Manhattan Project memo. Facing a threat from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) .to embargo the region's produce because of "high, fluoride content," du-Pont dispatched its lawyers to the FDA offices in Washington, where an agitated meeting ensued. According to a memo sent next day to General Groves, Du Pont's lawyer., argued "that in view of the pending, suits...any action, by, the Food .and. Drug Administration.:. would have a serious effect on the du Pont Company and would create a bad public relations situation." After the meeting adjourned, Manhattan Project Captain John Davies approached the FDA's Food Division chief and "impressed upon Dr. White the substantial interest which the Government had in claims which might arise as a result of action which might be taken by the Food and Drug Administration." There was no embargo. Instead, new tests for fluoride in the New Jersey area would be conducted -- not by the Department of-Agriculture -- but by the U.S. Army's Chemical Warfare Service because "work done by the Chemical Warfare Service would carry the greatest weight as ,evidence if... lawsuits are started by the complainants." The memo was signed by General Groves. Meanwhile, the public relations problem remained unresolved -- local citizens were in a panic about fluoride. The farmer's spokesman, Willard B. Kille, was personally invited to dine with General Groves.-- Punted on 100% recycled paper, naturally A Waste Not # 414 RRae6 then known as "the man who built. the _atomic bomb" -- at his office at the War Department on March 26, 1946. Although he had been diagnosed . with fluoride poisoning by his doctor, Kille departed the luncheon convinced of the government's good faith. The next day he wrote to the general, wishing the other farmers could have been present, he said, so "they too -could come away with the feeling that their interests in this particular matter were being safeguarded by men of the very highest type whose integrity they could not question." In a subsequent secret Manhattan project memo, a broader solution to the public relations problem was suggested by chief fluoride toxicologist Harold C. Hodge.. He wrote to the Medical Section chief, Col. Warren: "Would there be any use in making attempts to counteract the local fear of fluoride on the part of residents of Salem and Gloucester counties' through lectures on F toxicology and perhaps the usefulness of' F in tooth health ?" Such lectures were indeed given, not only to New. Jersey citizens but to the rest of the nation throughout the Cold War. The New Jersey farmers' lawsuits were ultimately stymied by the government's refusal to reveal the key piece of information that. would have settled the 'case - -how much fluoride du Pont had vented into the atmosphere during the war. "Disclosure... would be injurious to the military, of the United States," wrote ry Manhattan Project Major C.A Taney, Jr. The farmers were pacified with token financial settlements,- according to interviews with descendants still living in the area. "All -we knew is that du Pont. released some chemical that burned up all the peach trees around here," recalls Angelo Giordano, whose father James was one of the original plaintiffs. "The trees were no good after that, so we had to give up on the peaches. Their horses and cows, too, acted stiff and walked stiff, recalls his sister Mildred. "Could any of that have been the fluoride ? she asked. (The symptoms she detailed to the authors are cardinal signs of fluoride toxicity, according to veterinary toxicologists.) The Giordano family, too, has been plagued by bone and joint problems, Mildred adds. Recalling the settlement received by the Giordanos, Angelo told these reporters that "my father said he got about $200." The farmers were stonewalled in their search for information, and their complaints have long since been forgotten. But they unknowingly left their imprint on history -- their claims of injury to their health reverberated through the corridors of power in Washington, and triggered intensive secret Printed on 100' bomb - program research on the health effects of fluoride. A secret 1945 memo from Manhattan Project Lt. Col. Rhodes to General Groves stated: "Because of complaints that animals and humans have been injured by hydrogen fluoride fumes in [the New Jersey] area, although there. are no pending suits involving such claims, the University of Rochester is conducting experiments to determine the toxic effect of fluoride." Much of the proof of fluoride's safety in low doses rests on the postwar, work performed by the University of Rochester, in anticipation of lawsuits against the bomb program for human injury. Fluoride and the Cold War. Delegating fluoride safety studies to the University of Rochester was not surprising, During WWII the federal government had become involved, for the first time, in large -scale funding of scientific research at government -owned labs and private colleges. Those early spending priorities were shaped by the nation's often- secret military needs. The prestigious upstate New York college, in particular, had housed a key wartime division of the Manhattan Project, studying the health effects of the new "special materials," such as uranium, plutonium, beryllium and fluoride, being used to make the atomic bomb. That work continued after the war, with millions of dollars flowing from the Manhattan Project and its successor organization, the Atomic Energy-Commission (AEC). (Indeed, the bomb left an indelible imprint on all U.S. science in the late 1940's and 50's. Up to 90% of federal funds for university research came. from either the Defense Department or the AEC. in this period, according to Noam Chomsky's 1996 book "The Cold War and the University. ") The University *of Rochester medical school became a revolving door for senior bomb program scientists. Postwar faculty included Stafford Warren, the top medical officer of the 'Manhattan Project; and Harold Hodge, chief of fluoride research for the bomb program. But this marriage of military secrecy and medical science bore deformed offspring. The University of Rochester's classified fluoride studies -- code= named Program F -- were conducted at its Atomic Energy Project (AEP), a top - secret facility funded by the AEC and housed in Strong Memorial Hospital. It was there that one of the most notorious human radiation experiments of the Cold War took place, in which unsuspecting. hospital patients were injected with toxic doses of radioactive plutonium. Revelation of this experiment in a Pulitzer prize - winning account by o recycled paper, naturally Waste. Not # 414 Page 6 Eileen Wellsome led to a 1995 U.S. Presidential investigation, and a multimillion - dollar cash settlement for victims. Program F was not about children's teeth. It grew directly out of litigation against the bomb program and its main. purpose was to furnish scientific ammunition which the government and its nuclear, contractors could use to defeat lawsuits for human injury. Program F's director was none other than Harold C. Hodge, who had led the Manhattan Project investigation of alleged human injury in the New Jersey fluoride- pollution incident. Program F's purpose is spelled out in a classified 1948 report. It reads: "To supply evidence useful in the litigation arising from an alleged loss of a fruit crop. several years, ago, a number of problems have been opened. Since excessive blood fluoride levels were reported in human residents, of the same area, our principal effort has been devoted to describing the relationship of blood fluorides to toxic effects.." The litigation referred to; of course, and the claims of human injury were against the bomb program and its contractors. Thus, the purpose of Program F was to obtain evidence useful in litigation against the bomb program.; The research was being conducted by the defendants. The potential. conflict of interest is clear. If lower 'dose ranges were found, hazardous by Program F, it. rriighU have ope -hed the bomb program and :its contractors ' to lawsuits for injury to human health, as well as public outcry-. Comments .lawyer Kittrelk "This, and.. other documents indicate 'that the University of Rochester's fluoride research. grew out of the New Jersey lawsuits and was performed in anticipation of lawsuits against the bomb program for human injury. Studies undertaken for litigation purposes by the defendants would not be considered scientifically acceptable today, " adds Kittrell, "because of their inherent bias to prove the chemical safe." Unfortunately, much of the proof of fluoride's safety rests on the work performed by Program F Scientists at the University of Rochester.- During the postwar period that university emerged as the leading academic center for establishing the safety of fluoride, as well as its effectiveness in reducing tooth 'decay, , according to -Dental School spokesperson William H. Bowen, MD. The key figure in this research, Bowen said, was Harold C. Hodge - who also became a leading national proponent of fluoridating public drinking water. Program F's interest in water fluoridation Was not just 'to counteract the local fear of fluoride on the part of residents,' as Hodge had earlier written. The bomb program needed-human studies, as they had needed human studies for plutonium, and adding fluoride to public water supplies provided one opportunity. The A -Bomb Program and Water Fluoridation Bomb - program scientists played a prominent -- if unpublicized -- role in the nation's first- planned Water fluoridation experiment, in Newburgh, New York. The Newburgh Demonstration: Project is considered the most extensive study of the health effects of, fluoridation, supplying much of the evidence that low doses are safe for children's bones, and good for their teeth. Planning began in 1943 with the appointment of a special New York State Health Department committee to study the advisability of adding fluoride to Newburgh's drinking water. The chairman of the committee was-Dr. Hodge, then chief of fluoride toxicity studies for the Manhattan Project. Subsequent members - included Henry L. B.amett,_a captain in the. Project's Medical section, and John W. Fertig; in 1944 with the office of Scientific Research and Development, the Pentagon group which sired the Manhattan Project. Their military affiliations were kept, secret: Hodge was described as -a' pharmacologist, Barnett as a pediatrician. Placed in charge of the Newburgh project was David' B. Ast, chief dental officer of the State Health `Department. Ast had participated. in a key secret wartime conference on fluoride held by the Manhattan Project, and later, worked with Dr. Hodge on the Project's investigation of human injury in the New Jersey incident, according to once- secret memos. The committee recommended that Newburgh be fluoridated. It also selected .the types of medical studies to be done, and "provided expert guidance" for the duration of the experiment. The key,- question to be answered was: "Are there any cumulative effects -- beneficial or otherwise, on tissues and organs other than the teeth - of long - continued ingestion of such small concent rations ... T' According to the declassified documents, this was' also key 'information sought by the bomb program, which would require long- continued exposure of workers and communities to fluoride throughout the Cold War. In May 1945, Newburgh's water was fluoridated, and over the next ten years its residents were studied by the State Health Department. In Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally Waste Not # 414 Pars T � tandem, Program F conducted its own secret studies, focusing on the amounts of fluoride Newburgh citizens. retained in their blood and tissues - key information sought by the bomb program: "Possible toxic effects of fluoride were in the forefront of consideration," -the advisory committee stated. Health Department personnel cooperated, shipping blood and placenta samples to the Program F team at the 'University of Rochester. The samples were collected by Dr. David B. Overton, the Department's chief of pediatric studies at Newburgh. The final report of the Newburgh Demonstration Project, published in 1956 in-the Journal of the American Dental Association, concluded that "small concentrations" of fluoride were safe for U.S.citizens. The biological proof -- "based on work performed ... at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project" -- was delivered by Dr. Hodge. Today, news that scientists from the atomic bomb program secretly shaped and guided the Newburgh fluoridation experiment, and'.studied the citizen's blood and tissue samples, is greeted with incredulity. "I'm shocked -- beyond words," said present -day Newburgh Mayor Audrey Carey, commenting on these reporters' findings. "It. reminds me of the Tuskegee experiment that was done on syphilis patients down in Alabama." As a child in the early 1950's,-Mayor Carey was taken -to the old firehouse on Broadway in Newburgh, which . housed the`* Public !Health Clinic. There, doctors from the Newburgh fluoridation project studied her teeth, and a peculiar fusion of two finger bones on her left hand she had been born with. Today, adds Carey, her granddaughter has white dental - fluorosis marks on her front teeth. Mayor Carey wants answers from the government about the secret history of fluoride, and the Newburgh fluoridation experiment. "I absolutely want to pursue it," she said. "It is appalling to do any kind of experimentation and study without people's knowledge and permission." Contacted by these reporters, the director of the Newburgh experiment, David B. Ast, says he was unaware Manhattan Project scientists were involved. "If I had known, I would have been certainly investigating why, and what the connection was," he said. Did he know that blood and placenta samples from Newburgh were being sent to bomb program researchers at the University of Rochester? "I was not aware of it," Ast replied. Did he recall participating in the Manhattan Project's secret wartime conference on fluoride in January 1944, or going to New Jersey with Dr. Hodge to investigate human injury in the du. Pont case - -as secret memos state? He told the reporters he had no recollection of these events. A spokesperson for the University of Rochester Medical Center, Bob Loeb, confirmed that blood and tissue samples from Newburgh had been tested by the University's Dr. Hodge. On the ethics of secretly studying U.S citizens to obtain information useful in litigation against the A -bomb program, he' said, "that's a question we cannot answer." He referred inquiries to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), successor to the ' Atomic Energy Commission. A spokesperson for the DOE in Washington, Jayne Brady, confirmed that a- review of DOE files indicated that a. "significant reason" for fluoride experiments conducted at the University of Rochester after the war was "impending litigation between the du Pont company and residents of ' New Jersey areas." However, she added, "DOE has found no documents to indicate that fluoride research was done to protect the Manhattan Project or its contractors from lawsuits." On Manhattan Project'involvement in Newburgh, the spokesperson stated, "'Nothing that we have suggests that the DOE or predecessor' agencies -- especially the Manhattan Project -- authorized fluoride experiments to be performed on children . in the 1940's." When told that the reporters had . several documents that directly tied the Manhattan Project's successor agency at the University of Rochester, the AEP, to the Newburgh experiment, the DOE spokesperson later conceded her study was confined to "the available universe" -of documents. Two days later spokesperson Jayne Brady faxed a statement for clarification: "My search. only involved the documents that we collected as part of our human radiation experiments project -- fluoride was not part of our research effort. . "Most significantly," the statement continued, relevant documents may be in a classified collection at the DOE Oak Ridge National Laboratory known as the Records Holding Task Group. This collection consists entirely of classified documents removed from other files for the purpose of classified document accountability many years ago," and was "a rich source of documents for the human radiation experiments project," she said. The crucial question arising from this investigation is• Were adverse health findings from Newburgh • b b Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally Waste Not # 414 Payee I and other bomb - program fluoride studies suppressed? All AEC- funded studies had to be declassified before publication in civilian medical and dental journals. Where are the original classified versions? -- The transcript of one of the major secret scientific conferences of WW2 - -on "fluoride metabolism " - -is missing from the files of the U.S.' National Archives. Participants in the -conference included key figures who promoted the safety of fluoride and water fluoridation to the public after the war - Harold Hodge of the Manhattan Project, David B. Ast of the Newburgh Project, and U.S. Public Health Service dentist H.Trendley Dean, popularly known as .the . "father of fluoridation." "If it is missing from the files, it is probably still classified," National Archives librarians told these reporters. -- A 1944 WW2 Manhattan Project classified report on water fluoridation is missing from the files of the- University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, the U.S.. National Archives, and the Nuclear Repository 'at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The next four numerically consecutive documents are also missing, while the remainder of the "MP -1500 series" is present. "Either those documents are still classified, or they've been 'disappeared' by the government," says Clifford Honicker, Executive Director of the American Environmental Health Studies Project, in Knoxville, Tennessee, which provided. key evidence in the public exposure and prosecution-of U.S. human radiation experiments. -- Seven pages have been cut out of a 1947 Rochester bomb- project notebook entitled. "Du Pont litigation." "Most unusual," commented chief medical school archivist Chris Hoolihan. Similarly, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests by these *authors over a year ago with the DOE for hundreds of classified fluoride reports have failed to -dislodge any. "We're behind," explained Amy Rothrock, FOIA officer for the Department of Energy at their Oak Ridge operations. Was information suppressed? These reporters made what appears to be the first discovery of the original classified version of a fluoride safety study by bomb program scientists. A censored version of this study was later published in the August 1948 Journal of the Atiierican Dental Association. Comparison of the secret with the published version indicates that the U.S. AEC did censor damaging information on fluoride; to the point of tragicomedy. This was a study of the dental and physical health of workers in a factory producing fluoride for the A -bomb program, conducted by a team of dentists from the Manhattan Project: -- The secret version reports that.most of the men had no teeth left. The published version reports only that the men had fewer cavities. -- The secret version says the men had to wear rubber boots because the * fl uoride- fumes disintegrated the nails in their shoes: The published version does not mention this. -- The secret version says the fluoride may have acted similarly on the men's teeth, contributing to their toothlessness. The published version ornits . this statement. The published version concludes that "the men were unusually healthy, judged 'from both a medical and dental point of view." Asked for comment on the early links of the Manhattan Project to water fluoridation, Dr Harold Slavkin, Director of-the National Institute for Dental Research, the U.S. agency which today funds fluoride research, said, "I wasn't aware of any input from the Atomic Energy Commission." Nevertheless, he insisted, fluoride's efficacy and safety in the prevention of dental cavities over the last fifty years is well- proved: "The motivation of a scientist is often different from the outcome, '` he reflected. "I do not hold a prejudice about where the knowledge comes from." After comparing the secret and published versions of the censored study, toxicologist Phyllis Mullenix commented, "This makes me ashamed to be a scientist." Of other Cold War -era fluoride safety studies, she asks, "Were they all done like this ?" Archival research by Clifford Honicker Waste Not # 414 Published 48 times a year. Annual rates: Groups & Non-Profits $50; Individuals $40;- Students & Seniors $35; Consuliants & For - Profits. $125; Canadian $US45; Overseas $65. Editors: Ellen & Paul Connett, 82 Judson Street, Canton NY 13617. . Tel: 315 -379 -9200. Fax: 315 - 379 -0448. Email. wastenot@northnet.org , Punted on 100% recycled paper, naturally 8 CU Zn o � a � Q � m � The Reporter =Griffiths/Bryson Waste for rational paper N 1 resource management 9 82 Judson, Canton NY 13617 Tel: 315 - 379 -9200. Fax: 0448. Email: wastenot @northnet.org Documentation for Joel Griffiths & Chris Bryson'9 article, "Fluoride, Teeth and the Atomic Bomb" published in Waste Not # 414, October 1997. Note: Due to the large number of pages (155) we have numbered each page on the top right hand corner (except for page 1). The following is a description of each page. 1. Letter toWaste Not from7oel Griffiths, dated October 17, 1997. 2. Title page of "Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds. With a Section on the Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fluorine and Hydrogen Fluoride." Edited by Carl Voegtlin, Ph.D. and Harold C. Hodge, Ph.D. First Edition, McGraw -Hill Book Company, Inc. 1949. -Attached note from Joel: "The officially published declassified papers of the Manhattan Project, 1949." 3. (from above ) page 5 (Historical Foreword.) 4. (from above) page 6 (Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium.) 5. (from above pages 998 -999 (Human Exposures to Uranium Compounds.) 6. (from above) pages 1000 -1001 (Human Exposures to Uranium Compounds.) 7. (from above) pages 1004 -1005 (Human Exposures to Uranium Compounds.) 8. Title page of "Pharmacology of Fluorides. Part l." Sub - Editor, Frank A. Smith: Published by Springer- Verland New York Inc. 1966. Contributors: E.W. Alther, R.E. Banks, F. Brudevold, J.W. Clayton jr., H. Goldwhite, J.C. Krantz jr-., R.L. Metcalf, F.L.M. Pattison, R.A. Peters, F.G. Rudo, J.L. Shupe, F.A. Smith, M.D. Thomas, J.A. Weatherell. 9. (from above) "Chapter 4. Pharmacology of Sodium Fluoride." By Frank S. Caruso, Elliott A. Maynard, Victor DiStefano. "1. Introduction." 10. Newspaper article, "Uranium processing explained," by John Walblay. SW Times Record, Fort Smith, Arkansas, December 29, 1991. 11. Title page of "Engineering and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluoride Emissions Control. (Final Report). January 1972." Volume 1,. Report No. SN 16893.000. By J.M. Robinson (Program Manager), G.I. Gruber, W.D. Lusk, and M.J. Santy. Prepared under Contract EHSD 71 -14 for Office of Air Programs,, Environmental Protection Agency. Resources Research, Inc., 7600 Colshire Drive, McLean, Virginia 22101. TRW Systems Group, 7600 Colshire Drive, McLean, Virginia 22101. 12. (from above) CONTENTS page v 13. (from above) page 3 -319 14. Bomb - program F water pollution. Three extracts pasted on this page. (1) "The Brain Bank of America. An Inquiry into the Politics of Science," by Philip Boffey. Published by McGraw -Hill. (2) "The Summing of Fluoride Exposures," by Elise Jerard and J.B. Patrick. Published in Intrn. J. Environmental Studies, 1973, Vol. 4, pp 141 -155. (3) National Research Council of Canada NRC Publication No. 12, 226 (197 1) "Environmental Fluoride." 15. Title page of December 1985 GAO report "Environment, Safety; & Health. Environment and Workers Could Be Better Protected at Ohio Defense Plants." Report No. GAO/RCED- 86 -61." Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Government Processes Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate. 16. (from above) page 26 Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally 'Waste Not Documents for Griffiths/Bryson article. Paget 17. (from above) page 27 18. Title page of October 14, 1992 report "Preliminary Estimates of Emissions of Radioactive Materials and Fluorides to the Air from the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, 1954= 1984," by Arjun Makhijani, Bernd Franke and Milton Hoenig of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. 19. (from above) page 18 20. (from above) page 19 21. Title page of "In the Court of Appeals Fourth Appellate District, Pike County, Ohio. Case No. 504:" Michael Tulloh, Plaintiff- Appellee, -vs.- Goodyear Atomic Corporation, et al Defendants - Appellants.. Court of Appeals FILED June 17, 1993. 22. (from above)' page 4 23. (from above) page 17 24. (from above) page 25 25. Preface, page VI, by Frank A. Smith, April 1965. From "Pharmacology of F" 26. Title page of Journal of Dental Research, February 1990, Vol 69, Special Issue. 27. (from above) page 546 28. Abstract review that appeared in Medical Abstracts Newsletter, July 1995, page 3: "Fluoride for kids: Too much of a good thing? (J.A. Lalumandier & R.G. Rozier, Pediatric Dentistry 17:19, Jari/Feb 1995. and W.J. Klish et al., Pediatrics 95:777, May 1995.) 29. "Chapter 5. Excretion of fluorides." page 141. By H.C. Hodge, F.A. Smith & J. Gedalia. 30. New York Times article, Sports Injuries to the Young Are Up Sharply, Doctors Say," by Elisabeth Rosenthal. October 28, 1992. 31. "Effect of a High Fluoride Water Supply on Children's Intelligence," by L.B. Zhao et al. Fluoride, Vol 29, No. 4, pp 190-19L 32. (from above) page 192. 33. "Effect of Fluoride Exposure on 'Intelligence in Children, "'by Z S Li et al, (unidentified journal. -Note from Waste Not: article published in Fluoride, Vol 28, No. 4, 189 -192, 1995) 34. Declassified letter. April 29, 1944. "Subject: Request for Animal Experimentation to Determine Central Nervous System Effects," from John. L. Perry, Captain, Medical Corps, P.O. Box 287, Crittenden Station, Rochester, 7, N.Y. to Col. Stafford L. Warren, U.S. Engineer Office, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. (Thru The Area Engineer, Madison Square Area, N.Y.) 35. Declassified letter. April 29, 1944, from Stafford L. Warren. "Subject: Request for Animal Experimentation to Determine Central Nervous System Effects." 36. "Note" from Joel Griffiths. "The following document, signed by Stafford Warren, indicates fluoride CNS studies would not have been approved unless the evidence was persuasive." 37. Declassified document, referred to above. Dated April 17, 1945. "Subject: Purpose and Limitations of the Biological and Health Physics Research Program." Page 1 38. (from above) page 2 3.9. (from above) page 3 40. (from above) page 4 41. (from above) page 5 42. (from above) page 6 43. (from above) page 7 Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally ,i Waste Not Documents for Griffiths /Bryson article. 44. Appendix page 1063 from "Pharmacology Division Personnel (June 1943 - July 1946)." Note from Joel, "Manhattan Project staff - U. of Rochester division -JG - -from the 1949 declassified papers of the Manhattan Project." 45. (from above) page 1064 46. Declassified Memorandum dated February 18, 1946 from Leonard Raseussen. 47. Declassified letter dated March 1, 1946 from Andrew H. Dowdy, M.D., Director, Manhattan Department, The University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, S tron a, Memorial Hospital, Rochester, N.Y. to Colonel Stafford L.Warren. -- Page 1. 48. (from above) Page 2 49. Titled "Conference on Fluorine Residues" dated February 12, 1946. [List of attendees.] 50. Newspaper article, "First Atom Bomb Suit -for Ruined Peaches- Filed by Salem County Growers for $400,000," October 18, 1945, published in "Philadelphia Record." 51. Declassified memo dated June 5, 1945, to General Groves. [Re: peaches in N.J.] 52. "Memorandum for the Files," dated May 2, 1946, signed by Cooper R. Rhodes, Lt. Colonel, Infantry. cc: Generals Groves and Nichols. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2 53. (from above) page 2 of 2 54. Letter from the Secretary of War to Claude R. Wichard, Secretary of Agriculture. "Delivered by hand, 6/13/45." [Re: peaches in N.J.] 55. Declassified letter dated August 27, 1945 from L.R. Groves to "The Commanding General, Army Service Forces, Pentagon Building, Washington, D.C." [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2. 56. (from above) page 2 of 2 57. Letter dated February 28, 1946 from L.R. Groves to Senator Brian McMahon, Chairman, Special Committee on Atomic Energy, U.S Senate, Washington, D.C. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2 58. (from above) page 2 of 2 59. Letter dated February 27, 1946, to Col. S.L. Warren, Medical Section, from Harold C. Hodge, Chief Pharmacologist. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 5 60. (from above) page 2 of 5 61. (from above) page 3 of 5 62. (from above ) page 4 of 5 63. (from above) page 5 of 5 64. Declassified letter dated May 4, 1996, to Col. S.L. Warren, Medical Section, from Harold C. Hodge, Chief Pharmacologist. [Re:' peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 3 65: (from above) page 2 of 3 66. (from above) page 3 of 3 67. Declassified "Memo to Files," dated August 17, 1945. Signed by Robert S. Stone, M.D. "Titled: Col. Stafford L. Warren's memo entitled "Purposes and Limitations of the Biological and Health- Physics Program." Page 1 of 3 68. (from above) page 2 of 3 69. (from above) page 3 of 3 70. Declassified memo, dated March 5, 1946, to Major General L.R. Groves from Leonard E. Rasmussen. Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally Waste Not Documents for Griffiths /Bryson article. Page 71. Declassified letter dated March 1, 1946, to Col. S. L. Warren, from H.E. StokinI'D p 1 of 3 72. (from above) page 2 of 3 73. (from above) page 3 of 3 74. Titled "FILE Lt. Col. Cooper B. Rhodes" and dated February 13, 1946. [Re: peaches in N.J.] page 1 of 2 75. (from above) page 2 of 2 76. Confidential Office Memorandum, U.S. Government, dated August 15, 1945, to Maj. Gen. Leslie Groves, from Major Clifford A. Taney (sp ?), Jr. 77. Declassified "Memorandum from General Groves" dated May 9, 1946, from Cooper Rhodes. 78. Declassified memo to Maj. Gen. Groves from Lt. Colonel Rhodes, dated March 7, 1946. 79. Letter dated March 9, 1946, from L.R. Groves to Mr. Willard B. Kille, Swedesboro, N.J. 80. Letter dated February 1946, from Willard B. Kille (Trucker and Market Gardener) to Maj. General L.R. Groves. 81. Office memorandum, U.S. Government, dated February 25, 1946, to Maj. General L.R. Groves from Lt. Col. Cooper B. Rhodes, "Subject: Alleged Injury from Fluorine - Willard B. Kille, Swedesboro, N.J." 82. Letter dated March 4, 1946, to Willard B. Kille from L.R. Groves. 83. .Letter dated March 1946, from Willard B. Kille to Maj. Gen. L.R. Groves, page 1 of 2 84. (from above) page 2 of 2 85. Letter dated April 1, 1946, to Willard B. Kille from L.R. Groves 86. Letter dated May 1, 1946, to Col. S.L. Warren from Harold C. Hodge, page 1 of 2 87. (from above) page 2 of 2 . 88. Letter dated September 1945 from William C. Gotshalk , Counsellor at Law, Camden, N.J. to Maj. C.A. Taney, Jr., U.S. Engineer Office, P.O. Box 42, Station F., N.Y., N.Y. page 1 of 2 89. (from above) page 2 of 2 90. Letter dated September 24; 1945 from C.A. Taney, Jr., to Mr. William C. Gotshalk. 91. Memorandum dated September 14, 1945, from the War Department, Bureau of Public Relations, Press Branch. "Confidential -- Not for Publication -- Note to Editors." 92. Last page of a letter signed by Cooper B. Rhodes, Lt. Colonel, Infantry. 93. Title page of declassified report "Summary of Research and Service Programs, January 1, 1948 thru December 31, 1948," submitted by Henry A. Blair, Director, The University of Rochester, Atomic Energy Project, P.O. Box 287, Station 3, Rochester 7, New York. Report received February 1, 1949. Contract W- 7401- eng -49. Page 1 of 2 94. (from above) page 98. "Program F. Fluoride." 95. Article, "History of the Newburgh - Kingston caries - fluorine study," by Herman E. Hilleboe, M.D., M.P.H., Albany, N.Y. Published in The Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 52, March 1956, pp 291 -295. (Page 29 1) 96. (from above) Page 292 97. (from above) Page 293 Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally Waste Not Documents for Griffiths /Bryson article. par5 H 98. (from above) Page 295 99. Article, "Newburgh- Kingston caries - fluorine study XIV. Combined clinical and roentgenographic dental findings after ten years of fluoride experience," by David B. Ast (Director, Bureau of Dental Health, N.Y. State Dept. of Health); David J: Smith, D.D.S. (Associate research dentist, Bureau of Dental Health, N.Y. State Dept. of Health); Barnet Wachs, D.D.S. (Senior dentist, Bureau of Dental Health, N.Y. State Dept. of Health); Katherine T. Cantwell (Biostatistician, Division of Medical Services, N.Y. State Dept. of Health). Published in The Journal of American Dental Association. (no date). page 314. 100. (from above) page 324. 101. Title page of "American Men & Women of Science," 1992 -93. 1 Sth Edition. Volume 3, G - I. Published by R.R. Bowker, New Providence, N.J. 102. (from above) page 791 (H.C. Hodge) 103. (from above) page 792 (H.C. Hodge, continued) 104. "Roster of Medical Personnel, Manhattan District, 31 December 1944." (Re: Barnett, Henry L.) 105. Handwritten note: "Amer Men of Medicine (1961). Barnett, HL "consultant, MP 1946 ". JG [Joel Griffiths] - Columbia Library." 106. Bio. sketch of Dr. John William Fertig. 107. Note from Cliff Honicker about - missing file. 108. Declassified memorandum dated September 29, 1943. "Subject: Report on Meeting of 31 August 1943 for discussion of Toxicology Program. [Re: Newburgh fluoridation program]. 109.. Declassified memorandum dated December 31, 1943. "Subject: Funds for incidental expenses of meeting on "Fluoride Metabolism." 110. Declassified War Department memorandum dated January' 15, 1944. "Subject: Conference on Fluoride Metabolism 6 January 1944." Page 1 of 2. , 111. (from above,) page 2 of 2. 112. Declassified letter dated January 20, 1944, from John L. Ferry, Captain, Corps of Engineers, Assistant, to Dr. John J. Prendergast, Medical Director, Chrysler Corporation, 341 Mass., Detroit, Michigan. 113. Declassified letter dated March 11, 1946, from Harold G. Hodge to Col. S.L. Warren, U.S. Engineer Office, Manhattan, P.O. Box E, Oak Ridge, TN. Part 1 of 2. 114. (from above) Page 2 of 2. 115. Article, "A Plan to Determine the Practicability, Efficacy, and Safety of Fluorinating a Communal Water - Supply, Deficient in Fluorine, to Control Dental Caries," by David B. Ast, D.D.S., M.P.H. Not dated'and no citations for publication. Page 40 116. (from above) Page 43 117. (from above) Page 44 118. Title page of declassified report titled, "Quarterly Technical Report, January 1, 1948 to March 31, 1948." Submitted by Henry A. Blair, Director, The Univ. of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, Rochester, N.Y. Contract W- 7401- eng -49. Report Received: April 15, 1948. 119. (from above) Page 84. [Program F. Fluoride.] 120. (from above) Page 87. [Newburgh Study.] 121. First page of article, "Fluoride Concentration of Placental Tissue," by D.E. Gardner, F.A. Smith and H.C. Hodge (with D.E. Overton and R. Feltman), From U. of Rochester Atomic Energy Project Report, Program F, 1948. Page 3. Printed on 100% recycled paper, naturally • Waste Not Documents for Griffiths /Bryson article. Pages 122. Article, "Newburgh- Kingston Caries- Fluorine Study. II. Pediatric Aspects - Preliminary Report, by Edward R. Schlesinger, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.P.H.A., David E. Overton, M.D., M.P.H., and Helen C. Chase. Published June 1950, in the American Journal of Public Health. (pp 725 -727.) Page 725 123. (from above) Page 726 124. (from above) Page 727 125. Title page Quarterly Technical Report," U. of Rochester Atomic Energy Project. -- -Note: poor copy , very difficult to read.-- - 126. (from above), page 72. 127. Uncited publication. Title, "Newburgh- Kingston caries- fluorine study: final report." Page 290. 128. Article, "Fluoride metabolism: its significance in water fluoridation," by Harold C. Hodge, Ph.D., Rochester, N.Y. Published March 1956 in The Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 52. Page 307. 129. (from above) Page 308 130. (from above) Page 311 131. Title page, "The University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project." 132. (from above) "Summary of Research and Service Programs, January 1, 1948 thru December 31, 1948." Submitted by Henry A. Blair, Director. Contract W- 7401- eng -49. Report Received 2/1/49. 133. (from above) Page 69. 134. (from above) Page 72. 135. Comparison of published vs. secret paper, by Dr. Phyllis Mullenix. Page 1 of 2. 136. (from above) Page 2 of 2 137. Declassified report, A study of Dental Conditions in Workers Exposed to Dilute and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid in Production. Preliminary Report of Oral Examinations of Forty -Seven Workers at the Cleveland Plant of the Harshaw Chemical Company. Cleveland, Ohio, October 13- 14 -15 -, 1943." Page 1 138. (from above) Page 2 139. (from above) Page 3 140. (from above) Page 4 141. (from above) Table U 142. (from above) Table HI 143. ,(from above) Table IV 144. (from above) Table V 145. (from above) Table VI 146. Article, Dental Conditions in Workers Chronically Exposed to Dilute and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid," by Peter P. Dale, D.M.D. and H.B. McCauley, D.D.S., Rochester, N.Y," Published August 1948 in The Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 37, Number 2. (pp 131 -140). Page 131. 147. (from 'above) Page 132 148. (from above) ' Page 133 1-49. (from above) Page 134 150. (from above) Page 135 151. (from above) Page 136 152. (from above) Page 137 153. (from above) Page 138 154. (from above) .Page 139 155. (from above) Page 140 Punted on 100% recycled paper, naturally e„ Home News Main Categories Top News Nation States Washington /Politics world Editorial /Opinion Health & Science Census Offbeat More News Columnists Lotteries City Guides Government Guide Talk Today Money Sports Life Tech Weather SEARCH FOR' NEWSPAPER ARTICLES C ►rCK HERE I IN Y NEWS YOUR INBOX Click here to get the Daily Briefing in your 'nbo [Mato • E -mail this stop,, • Subscri be to the new.spArja • Sian -lio for L-mail nG�k�o 06/14/2001 - Updated 10:54 PM ET .... -. .. .. Warke Giti11�H2C: � * � Nuci¢ar'cuntracting QriecCtC$ sites across airs use►► Overview of Key dates in people and Reports Key records, Live chats, Series, this series US. nuclear places from the study from message author program field secret program I board In the 1940s and '50s, the U.S. government secretly hired scores of private companies to process huge volumes of nuclear weapons material. But the companies were not prepared for the hazards of handling nuclear material. Workers were not informed of the risks. Thousands were exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. Government reports were classified and buried. The result is a legacy of poisoned workers and communities that lingers to this day. The full story of the secret nuclear contracting has never been told, until now. Toxic legacy .• , - • Secret orogram left toxic legacy ?'`' • Secret iob, secret threats • Defining the danger ta Many sites, many risks • Laid to waste • 'Devil is in the dose' • Richardson: U.S. committed to cleanup The workers ^`.. • Worker risks weren't a priority e Companies took calculated risks K; • Proaram filed and forgotten • Beryllium workers to aet compensation r Research ignores private contractors • Hearinas sought on toxic exposure The ""' '� • Contamination lingers on Questions environment • remain • Contractors took calculated risks • How clean is clean enough? • Still waitina • Food, eauipment contaminated. too • Conaress mulls compensation Latest news a Study flaas radioactive threat • List: Receivers of depleted urainum • Military study finds fouled weapons safe • Department of Eneray: Tainted uranium reports • Archive of complete coverage • Plan expands workers' compensation • Compromise reached on compensation plan • Compensation for workers a political issue • Senator fumes at delays on worker -aid plan • Nuclear sites list made public • Sick workers want Conaress to act auickly I IRATr)nAV nnm narrnarc' I IRA 1A/FFKFNn • Rnnrfc Wookly • Priiina4inn • Rnano nnm OWCP News Release: [02/01/2012] Contact Name: Mary Brandenlberger Egan Reich Phone Number: (202) 693 -4651 (202) 693 -4960 Email Address: Brandenberger. ary0dol gsw Relch.Eg.an.2@)dol.gov Release Number: 12 -0172 -SAN US Department of Labor notifies former California nuclear weapons employees of energy workers' compensation program WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying former workers of,25. covered facilities located in .Calif, about benefits that may be available to them under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act administered by the department's Division of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation. Survivors of qualified workers also may be entitled to benefits. Former employees of the following sites may be eligible for EEOICPA compensation and medical benefits if they worked at the facility during a period of covered employment: Hexcel Products in Berkeley, Ceradyne Inc. in Costa Mesa, Lab for Energy Related Health Research in Davis, Electrofusion and Poltech Precision in Fremont, Sandia Laboratory Salton Sea Base in Imperial County, Lab for Biomedical and Environmental Sciences in Los Angles, Robin Materials in Mountain View, Philco -Ford Corp. in Newport Beach, Stauffer Metals, Inc. and Calif. Research Corp. in Richmond, Hunter Douglas Aluminum Corp. in Riverside, Jerry Carroll Machining in San Carlos, Ceradyne Inc. in Santa Ana, Ron Witherspoon, Inc. in Campbell, Lebow in Goleta, Edm Exotics in Hayward, Hafer Tool in Oakland, Electro Circuits, Inc. in Pasadena, Pleasanton Tool and Manufacturing in Pleasanton, Arthur D. Little, Co. and Lab of Radiobiology and Environmental Health in San Francisco, C. L. Hann Industries in San Jose, City Tool and Die MFG in Santa Clara, and Tapemation in Scotts Valley. The department urges all potential eligible former workers and their survivors to contact its California Resource Center in Livermore, California at 866- 606 -6302 or visit DEEOIC's website at hit pi /www.dol,gov /owcR /energy/ for more information. On July 31, 2001, the Department of Labor began administering Part B of the EEOICPA. Part B covers current and former workers diagnosed with cancer, beryllium disease or silicosis caused by exposure to radiation, beryllium or silica while working directly for the U.S. Department of Energy, that department's contractors or subcontractors, a designated Atomic Weapons Employer or a beryllium vendor. Individuals .or their survivors found eligible under Part B Fray receive a lump sum compensation payment of $150,000 and medical expenses for their covered conditions. Part E, created by an amendment to the EEOICPA on Oct. 28, 2004, and also administered by the Department of Labor, provides federal compensation and medical benefits to DOE contractors and subcontractors who worked at covered facilities during a covered time period and sustained an illness as a result of exposure to toxic substances. In support of the Department's implementation of the EEOICPA, DOE maintains a list of covered facilities under the EEOICPA, which is periodically updated and published in the Federal Register. DOE also maintains a searchable covered facility database, which contains additional information pertaining to each of the facilities, including years of covered activity and an overview of the type of work performed. The database can be accessed online at hit R; / /www hss doe aoov/ healthsafp & /fwspladvocaQt/faclisUfin aci ity. m. It is the Labor Department's goal to disseminate information concerning EEOICPA benefits to potentially eligible claimants across the_country. To aid in this effort, the department maintains 11 resource centers nationwide to provide in- person and telephone -based assistance to individuals regardless of where they live. To date, the department has delivered more than $313 million in EEOICPA compensation and medical .benefits to 3,008 eligible EEOICPA claimants living in Calif., and more than $7.7 billion nationwide. VWCP News Release: [12/03/2012] Contact Name: Jesse Lawder Adriano Llosa Phone Number: (202) 693 -4659 (202) 693 -4686 Email Address: lawderjesseOdol.gow llosa.adriano.tCddol.god Release Number: 12- 2328 -ROS US Department of Labor notifies former Ventron Corp. employees of inclusion in new EE®ICPA Special Exposure Cohort WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying all former employees of the Ventron Corp. in Beverly, Mass., about a new class of employees recently added to the Special Exposure Cohort of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act. The EEOICPA provides compensation and medical benefits to workers who became ill as a result of working in the nuclear weapons industry. Survivors of qualified workers also may be entitled to benefits. A worker who is included in a designated SEC class of employees, and who is diagnosed with one of 22 specified cancers, may receive a presumption of causation under the EEOICPA. On Oct. 12, 2012, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services designated the following class of employees as an addition to the SEC: all atomic weapons employees who worked for the Ventron Corp. at its facility in Beverly from Nov. 1, 1942, through Dec. 31, 1948, for at least 250 workdays occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with workdays within other classes of employees in the SEC. This designation became effective on Nov. 11, 2012. The Labor Department's role is to adjudicate these claims based on the new SEC class definition as determined and introduced by HHS. For additional information about the new Ventron Corp. SEC or to schedule an appointment for claim -filing assistance, contact the department's New York Resource Center toll -free at 800 -941 -3943. OWCP News Release: [10/16/2012] Contact Name: Adriano Llosa Phone Number: (202) 693 -4686 Email Address: llosa adriano t@dol.nod Release Number: 12 -2078 -SEA US Department of Labor to host town hall meetings in Pasco, Wash., Oct. 23 to assist nuclear weapons workers WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Labor will. host two town hall meetings Tuesday, Oct. 23, in Pasco to provide former Hanford Engineer Works employees with information about a new class of employees recently added to the Special Exposure Cohort of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act. Staff from the department's Hanford Resource Center will be available the same day to assist individuals with existing claims and filing new claims under the EEOICPA. The EEOICPA provides compensation and medical benefits to employees who became ill as a result of working in the nuclear weapons industry. A worker who is included in a designated SEC class of employees, and who is diagnosed with one of 22 specified cancers, may receive a presumption of causation under the EEOICPA. On Aug. 23, 2012, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services designated the following class of employees as an addition to the SEC: all employees of the U.S. Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors or subcontractors who worked at the Hanford Engineer Works in Richland, Wash., from July 1, 1972, through Dec 31, 1983, for at least 250 workdays occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with workdays within other classes of employees in the SEC. This designation became effective on Sept. 22, 2012. The Labor Department's role is to adjudicate these claims based on the new SEC class definition as determined and introduced by HHS. To date, $772.9 million in EEOICPA compensation and medical benefits has been paid to 7,779 Hanford Engineer Works claimants, while more than $8.5 billion has been paid nationwide. For additional information about the upcoming town hall meetings or to schedule an appointment for' claim - filing assistance, contact the Hanford Resource Center toll -free at 888 - 654 -0014. The meetings are open to the public, and pre - registration is not required. These meetings are not sponsored by the Plumbers and Steamfitters Local Union 598, where they will be held. TOWN BALL MEETING Tuesday, Oct. 23, 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. PDT DATE/TIMES: EXTENDED RESOURCE Tuesday, Oct. 23, 9 a.m. to i p.m. and 3 p.m. CENTER to 7 p.m. PDT DATE/TIMES: LOCATION: Plumbers and Steamfitters Local 598 Union Hall 1328 N. Road 28 Pasco, Wash. 99301 City of Saratoga - Speaker Card Please Note: City Council meetings are both live and delayed broadcast This card will help the meeting run smoothly, but you are not required to Provide any information you do not wish to provide Please see reverse side of this card for Speaker Guidelines I would like to speak about: Agenda Item? Yes tN � � c��r � ✓� No Agenda Item number, Support Oppose Neutral Date: Qom/ % a Name: Group /Organization: (--; Address: (optional) Telephone:(op Email: (optional S4e � c`l A'P 6 k Speaker Guidelines • If you are attending a meeting of the City Council or other City Committee, Commission, or Board ( "Legislative Body ") and would like to address the officials, please complete the information on the reverse side of this card and give it to the City Clerk in advance of the meeting. • Speakers are customarily allotted up to three (3) minutes; however, the Legislative Body may limit the number of speakers and length of time allowed to each speaker to ensure adequate time for all items on the Agenda. • Speakers are asked to address specific Agenda items when those items are before the Legislative Body rather than during the Oral Communications portion of the meeting. • Completion of this form is voluntary. You may attend and participate in the meeting regardless of whether or not you complete this document. Its purpose is to aid staff in compiling complete and accurate records; however, this card will become part of the Public Record. In accordance with the Public Records Act, any information you provide on this form is available to the public. You may elect not to include your address and telephone number. • Groups /Organizations that are supporting or opposing issues are urged to select one spokesperson. City Council meetings are both live and delayed broadcast. Thank you for your courtesy and cooperation. City of Saratoga - Speaker Card Please Note: City Council meetings are both live and delayed broadcast. This card will help the meeting run smoothly, but .you are not required to provide any information you do not wish to provide, Please see reverse side of this card for Speaker Guidelines. r+yenua nVeri r r es no Hyanua 14VIII 11U111ucr Date: Name Groul Addr( Telep..- - Support Oppose . Neutral Email: (optional) Speaker Guidelines • If you are attending a meeting of the City Council or other City Committee, Commission, or Board ( "Legislative Body ") and would like to address the officials, please complete the information on the reverse side of this card and give it to the City Clerk in advance of the meeting. • Speakers are customarily allotted up to three (3) minutes; however, the Legislative Body may limit the number of speakers and length of time allowed to each speaker to ensure adequate time for all items on the Agenda. • Speakers are asked to address specific Agenda items when those items are before the Legislative Body rather than during the Oral Communications portion of the meeting. • Completion of this form is voluntary. You may attend and participate in the meeting regardless of whether or not you complete this document. Its purpose is to aid staff in compiling complete and accurate records; however, this card will become part of the Public Record. In accordance with the Public Records Act, any information you provide on this form is available to the public. You may elect.not to include your address and telephone number. • Groups /Organizations that are supporting or opposing issues are urged to select one spokesperson. City Council meetings are both live and delayed broadcast. Thank you for your courtesy and cooperation. American Red Cross Blood Saratoga Community Sponsored by: Saratoga Federated Church Location: Richards Hall 20390 Park Place - Saratoga Tuesday, February 12, 2013 12:00 p.m. — 6:00 p.m. To schedule your appointment, please log on to redcrossblood.org, enter the Sponsor Code: SARATOGAFC or call Olivia D'Costa @ 408 - 867 - 1000x246 Donors are needed every day. Don't wait to help save a life. 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