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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCity Council Resolution 20-081 Climate Action PlanRESOLUTION NO.20-081 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SARATOGA ADOPTING THE SARATOGA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2030 WHEREAS, there is broad scientific agreement that to stave off the worst effects of climate change, communities will need to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% below 1990 levels by the year 2050 and drawdown climate warming GHG emissions such as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to secure a safe future for us all; and WHEREAS, the City of Saratoga recognizes that local governments play a strong role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in their municipal operations and communities, and mitigating the future impacts of climate change; and WHEREAS, a Climate Action Plan (CAP) is a document that contains goals, policies and objectives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and WHEREAS, over the past decade, the City has developed and implemented a number of projects to improve energy efficiency at both the municipal and community levels and recognizes that adopting the attached Saratoga Climate Action Plan 2030 (Saratoga CAP) would demonstrate Saratoga's continued commitment to reducing GHG emissions on the local level; and WHEREAS, Assembly Bill 32, the Global Warming Solutions Act set a goal of reducing GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and Senate Bill 375, the Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act, established Statewide GHG emissions reduction targets of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030; and WHEREAS, the Saratoga CAP incorporates the City's 2017 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory, which identifies the sources of greenhouse gas emissions generated by the community and estimates how these emissions might change over time under a business -as -usual forecast that utilizes General Plan build -out estimates and regional forecasts; and WHEREAS, the Saratoga 2017 GHG Emissions Inventory showed that nearly half of Saratoga's community emissions comes from transportation and the CAP identifies building out the Electric Vehicle charger infrastructure and encouraging Zero Emissions Vehicle ownership through incentives is the most impactful way to reduce emissions in transportation; and WHEREAS, the Saratoga 2017 GHG Emissions Inventory also showed that residential emissions generated the second highest greenhouse gas emissions in Saratoga and the CAP states that encouraging energy efficiency upgrades and adopting more energy efficiency standards, such as the recently adopted Reach Code, for new construction and remodels will help the City meet its reduction target; and WHEREAS, the Saratoga CAP focuses on the efforts Saratoga can make to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate, to the extent feasible at the local level, the impacts of climate change; and WHEREAS, the Saratoga CAP provides energy use, transportation, waste, water, and natural system strategies and specific actions that substantial evidence demonstrates, if fully implemented, will collectively achieve the targeted emissions level for the year 2030; and WHEREAS, the Saratoga CAP includes an implementation schedule and performance measures to enable the City to annually track its progress and set priorities; and WHEREAS, the Saratoga CAP identifies state and local strategies to reduce emissions 42% below 1990 emissions in 2030, which exceeds the State's 2030 goal; and WHEREAS, the City released its Draft CAP for public review on August 12, 2020, and the Planning Commission reviewed the plan and adopted a resolution stating that the Climate Action Plan conforms to the Goals and Policies of the City of Saratoga General Plan Elements at a public meeting on October 14, 2020. NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the City Council of the City of Saratoga hereby: Approves the Saratoga Climate Action Plan 2030 attached to this resolution; and 2. Declares that adoption of the Saratoga Climate Action Plan 2030 (CAP) is exempt from environmental review under section 15307 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, which exempts "Actions by regulatory agencies for protection of natural resources." In addition, adoption of the CAP is exempt under the under CEQA Guidelines section 15061(b)(3), because it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the project may have a significant effect on the environment. The above and foregoing resolution was passed and adopted at a regular meeting of the Saratoga City Council held on the 2nd day of December 2020 by the following vote: AYES: Mayor Howard A. Miller, Vice Mayor Mary -Lynne Bernald, Council Members Yan Zhao, Rishi Kumar NOES: ABSENT: 08118Y., 1► Howard A. Miller, Mayor AT ST DATE: 1e Bretschneider, CMC, City Clerk 1312525.1 CITY OF SARATOGA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2030 Public Review Draft November 2, 2020 Rpprn��a� Deg d/ ��ayar _r S�Q�pCd� Prepared for City of Saratoga O'Rourke&Associates Credits and Acknowledgments SARATOGA CITY COUNCIL Howard Miller, Mayor Mary -Lynne Bernald, Vice Mayor Rishi Kumar, Council Member Yan Zhao, Council Member SARATOGA PLANNING COMMISSION Razi Mohiuddin, Chair Anjali Kausar, Vice -Chair Sunil Ahujal, Planning Commissioner Clinton Brownley, Planning Commissioner Kookie Fitzsimmons, Planning Commissioner Tina Walia, Planning Commissioner Herman Zheng, Planning Commissioner SARATOGA CITY STAFF James Lindsay, City Manager John Cherbone, Director of Public Works Mainini Cabute, Environmental Programs Administrator O'ROURKE & ASSOCIATES Christine O'Rourke, Principal City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PLAN CLIMATE CHANGE BACKGROUND THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN CALIFORNIA, THE BAY AREA, AND SARATOGA REGULATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE — INTERNATIONAL, FEDERAL, AND STATE LEVELS ACTIONS TAKEN BY SARATOGA TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SARATOGA's GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SARATOGA PROFILE COMMUNITY EMISSIONS INVENTORY CONSUMPTION -BASED INVENTORY COMMUNITY EMISSION FORECAST COMMUNITY EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS ACTIONS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE INTRODUCTION STATE ACTIONS SUMMARY OF LOCAL GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION STRATEGIES 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 10 15 17 17 18 20 LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION 21 City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan RENEWABLE ENERGY 24 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 26 WASTE REDUCTION 28 WATER CONSERVATION 30 CARBON SEQUESTRATION 32 ADAPTATION 33 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 34 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING 36 REFERENCES 37 APPENDICES A: IMPLEMENTATION TABLE A-1 B: GHG REDUCTION CALCULATIONS B-1 C: GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS C-1 City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN The City of Saratoga understands that climate change is already impacting California and the world and will continue to affect Saratoga's residents and businesses for the foreseeable future, as well as other communities around the world. The City also recognizes that local governments play a strong role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in their municipal operations and communities and mitigating the future impacts of climate change. The purpose of this Climate Action Plan (CAP) is to compile existing and potential actions that the City's government and the community can take to address climate change. It provides a brief background on what climate change is and its potential impacts, but focuses on the efforts Saratoga can make to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate, to the extent feasible at the local level, the impacts of climate change. Through the actions outlined in this plan, such as increasing energy efficiency in buildings, electrifying buildings and appliances, accelerating zero emission vehicle adoption, and using clean, renewable energy sources, the Saratoga community can experience lower fuel and energy bills, improved air quality, reduced emissions, and an enhanced quality of life. The City's preparation of greenhouse gas emissions inventories and this Climate Action Plan are part of an ongoing planning process that includes assessing, planning, mitigating, and adapting to climate change. Specifically, this plan does the following: • Summarizes various climate -related regulations at the international, federal, and state levels. • Incorporates the City's 2017 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, which identifies sources of greenhouse gas emissions generated by the community. • Estimates how these emissions may change over time under a business -as -usual forecast that utilizes General Plan build -out estimates and regional forecasts. • Establishes greenhouse gas reduction targets that reflect statewide goals. • Provides energy use, transportation, waste, water, and natural system strategies and specific actions that substantial evidence demonstrates, if fully implemented, will collectively achieve the targeted emissions level for the year 2030. • Incorporates strategies to adapt to climate change. • Includes an implementation schedule and performance measures to enable the City to annually track its progress and set priorities. RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PLAN The City of Saratoga's General Plan contains policies and programs that promote community sustainability and effective management of renewable and non-renewable natural resources through energy conservation and renewable energy generation (LU 6.5), solid waste management and recycling (LU 6.3 and 6.b), water conservation (OSC 10.1, 10.a and 10.b), preservation and replacement of trees (OSC 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 and LU 6.4 and 6.c), reduction of vehicle trips (OSC.15.b and LU 15.2), and improvement of the bicycle and pedestrian network (multiple policies and programs in the Circulation Element). City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan CLIMATE CHANGE BACKGROUND A balance of naturally occurring gases dispersed in the atmosphere determines the Earth's climate by trapping infrared radiation (heat), a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect (Figure 1). Overwhelming evidence documents that human activities are increasing the concentration of these gases (known as "greenhouse gases" or GHGs) in the atmosphere, causing a rise in global average surface temperature and consequent global climate change. The greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and hydrofluorocarbons (Table 1)1. Each one has a different degree of impact on climate change. To facilitate comparison across different emission sources with mixed and varied compositions of several GHGs, the term "carbon dioxide equivalent" or CO2e is used. One metric ton of CO2e may consist of any combination of GHGs and has the equivalent Global Warming Potential (GWP) as one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2019 "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2018," the majority of GHG emissions comes from fossil fuel combustion, which in turn is used for electricity, transportation, industry, heating, etc. Collectively, these gases intensify the natural greenhouse effect, causing global average surface temperatures to rise, which affects local and global climate patterns. These changes in climate are forecasted to manifest themselves in ways that will impact Saratoga and California. FIGURE 1: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT Natural Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is a natural warming process. Carbon Dioxide (CO,) and certain other gases are always present in the atmosphere. These gases create a warming effect that has some similarity to the warming inside a greenhouse, hence the name "greenhouse effect. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Increasing the amount of greenhouse gases intensifies the greenhouse effect. This side of the globe simulates conditions today, roughly two centuries after the Industrial Revolution began. Source: California Waterboard/Marion Koshland Science Museum of The National Academy Of Sciences 1 Water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas, but it is not measured as a part of a greenhouse gas inventory and for that reason is not included in this discussion. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan TABLE 1: GREENHOUSE GASES Source: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 100-year values, 2014 THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT Americans consume resources at a far greater rate than most industrialized nations, and the worldwide use of resources is exceeding the earth's capacity to renew them. One way to measure the use of natural resources against the planet's actual biocapacity and ability to renew those resources is the "ecological footprint." It can be calculated for individuals, regions, countries, or the entire earth and is expressed as the number of global acres (acres with world average biological productivity) that it takes to support one person. As Figure 2 shows, the average American uses 20 global acres per capita. Other western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Italy, have footprints of approximately 11 to 12 global acres per person. FIGURE 2: ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT COMPARISON 40 c o 35 a 30 v 25 a 20 Q 15 10 0 5 0 ' ' 1 , M e��\�a 0 � J Source: Global Footprint Network National Footprint Accounts, 2019 Edition. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN CALIFORNIA, THE BAY AREA, AND SARATOGA The Earth's climate is warming, mostly due to human activities such as changes in land cover and emissions of certain pollutants. Greenhouse gases are the major human -induced drivers of climate change. These gases warm the Earth's surface by trapping heat in the atmosphere. The evidence that the climate is warming is unequivocal. In 2019, global surface temperatures were 0.98 °C (1.8 °F) higher relative to the 1951-1980 average temperatures, and temperatures are now about 2°F higher than pre -industrial times. The past five years have been the warmest of the last 140 years, and every decade since the 1960s has been warmer than the last. 2 Consistent with global observations, the average annual temperature in most areas in California is already VF higher than historical levels, and some areas have seen average increases exceeding 2°F. 3 California is already experiencing climate change impacts. Sea levels along the coast of southern and central California have risen about 6 inches over the past century and even moderate tides and storms are now producing extremely high sea levels.' Since 1950, the area burned by wildfire each year has been increasing, as warming temperatures extend the fire season and low precipitation and snowpack create conditions for extreme, high severity wildfires to spread rapidly. Five of the state's largest fires have occurred since 2006. The largest recorded wildfire was the winter 2017 Thomas Fire — until the Mendocino Complex Fire surpassed it in 2018.1 As temperatures continue to rise, California faces serious climate impacts, including: • More intense and frequent heat waves • More intense and frequent drought • More severe and frequent wildfires • More severe storms and extreme weather events • Greater riverine flows • Shrinking snowpack and less overall precipitation • Accelerating sea level rise • Ocean acidification, hypoxia, and warming I REPRESENTATIVE CONCENTRATION i PATHWAYS (RCPS) Emissions scenarios used in the Climate Action Plan are the same as those used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report and are called Representative Concentration Pathways, or RCPS. There are four RCPS: 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5. Each represents a set of possible underlying socioeconomic conditions, policy options, and technological con- siderations, spanning from a low -end scenario that requires significant emissions reductions resulting in zero global emissions by 2080 (RCP 2.6) to a high -end, "business -as -usual," fossil - fuel -intensive emissions scenario (RCP 8.5). The low -end scenario is most closely aligned with California's ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets and the aspirational goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015 Paris Agreement. Thus far, global emissions continue to follow the business -as -usual trajectory. • Increase in vector -borne diseases and heat -related deaths and illnesses 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal 2019 Second Warmest Year on Record," January 15, 2020. 3 Louise Bedsworth, Dan Cayan, Guido Franco, Leah Fisher, Sonya Ziaja, "Statewide Summary Report," in California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment, publication number: SUMCCCA4-2018-013, 2018, p. 22. ° Bedsworth et al, p. 31. s California Air Resources Board, "Wildfire & Climate Change," https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/wildfires-climate-change. accessed 7-9-20. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan • Increase in harmful impacts to vegetation and wildlife, including algal blooms in marine and freshwater environments, spread of disease -causing pathogens and insects in forests, and invasive agricultural pests. California communities can understand how climate change will raise temperatures and exacerbate extreme heat events, drought, wildfire, and coastal flooding in their area with resources provided by Cal-Adapt.org. The Cal -Adapt tool shows projections for two possible climate futures, one in which greenhouse gas emissions peak around 2040 and then decline (RCP 4.5) and another in which emissions continue to rise stronglythrough 2050 and plateau around 2100 (RCP 8.5). Both futures are considered possible depending on how successful the world is at reducing emissions and atmospheric carbon dioxide. AVERAGE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES Overall temperatures are projected to rise substantially throughout this century. The historical (1951-1980) annual maximum mean temperature for Saratoga is 69.1°F. Under the low emissions (RCP 4.5) scenario, the maximum mean temperature in Saratoga is expected to rise about 4°F by 2100. Under the high emissions (RCP 8.5) scenario, the maximum mean temperature is projected to rise 8°F to about 77°F by 2100. EXTREME HEAT DAYS As the climate changes, some of the more serious threats to public health will stem from more frequent and intense extreme heat days and longer heat waves. Extreme heat events are likely to increase the risk of mortality and morbidity due to heat -related illness, such as heat stroke and dehydration, and exacerbation of existing chronic health conditions. An extreme heat day is defined as a day in April through October where the maximum temperature exceeds the 98th historical percentile of maximum temperatures based on daily temperature data between 1961-1990. In Saratoga, the extreme heat threshold is 93.5°F. Cal -Adapt projects a significant increase in the number of extreme heat days for Saratoga. Between 1990-2005, there was an average of 6 days above 93.5°F. That average is projected to increase to 11 days by 2050 under the low emissions scenario (RCP 4.5). By the end of the century, the average number of extreme heat days is expected to increase to 13 days and could be as many as 32 days under the high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5). City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan REGULATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE - INTERNATIONAL, FEDERAL, AND STATE LEVELS INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY In 2015, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the Paris Agreement, the world's first global pact aimed at reducing GHG emissions. The agreement's goals are to limit global temperature rise this century to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre -industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement has been signed by nearly every country in the world, 197 nations in all. The accord includes commitments from all major emitting countries to reduce their GHG emissions, although national plans vary in scope and reduction target. Nonetheless, the emission reduction pledges are not enough to meet the Agreement's stated goals. Under the accord, the United States had pledged to cut its GHG emissions 26 to 28% below 2005 levels by 2025 and commit up to $3 billion in aid for poorer countries by 2020. U.S. initiatives to meet this goal included the Clean Power Plan and tightening of automotive fuel efficiency standards. In 2017, the President announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris climate accord. Under the terms of the agreement, the United States cannot exit until November 4, 2020. FEDERAL CLIMATE POLICY Currently, there is no federal legislation mandating comprehensive greenhouse gas emissions reporting or reduction in the United States. The U.S. Senate considered, but failed to pass, various cap -and -trade bills in 2009 and 2010. Therefore, the U.S. has used its rulemaking authority under the Clean Air Act to begin to regulate greenhouse gas emissions. In 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made an "endangerment finding" that GHGs threaten the public health and welfare of the American people. 6 This finding provided the statutory prerequisite for EPA regulation of GHG emissions from motor vehicles and led to several GHG regulations for stationary sources. In May 2010, the EPA issued a "tailoring" rule that enables the agency to control GHG emissions from the nation's largest GHG sources, including power plants, refineries, cement production facilities, industrial manufacturers, and solid waste landfills, when these facilities are newly constructed or substantially modified. The EPA reported that its GHG permitting requirements would address 70% of the national GHG emissions from stationary sources 7. In 2013, the EPA announced proposed Clean Air Act standards to cut carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. In 2012, new rules mandated an average fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon for cars and light -duty trucks by the 2025 model year, up from the existing standard of 35.5 MPG in 2016. a The new standards were designed to apply pressure on auto manufacturers to increase development of electric vehicles as well as improve the mileage of conventional passenger cars by producing more efficient engines and lighter car bodies. In 2013, a federal Climate Action Plan was released, which outlined steps the administration could take to reduce GHG emissions. Actions included: reducing emissions from power plants; accelerating renewable energy production on public lands; expanding and modernizing the electric grid; raising fuel economy standards for passenger vehicles; and accelerating energy efficiency initiatives. 6 Final Rule, EPA, Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean Air Act, 74 Fed. Reg. 66495, December 7, 2009. Final Rule: Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule Fact Sheet, EPA. 8 "Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards," Office of the Press Secretary, the White House, http //www whitehouse goy/the press office/2012/08/28/obama-administration-finalizes-historic-545-mpg-fuel-efficiency- standard.. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Since 2016, the 2012 rule that required automakers' fleet to average 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025 to about 40 miles per gallon and California's right to set its own more aggressive standards were both revoked. In recent years, the federal government replaced the Clean Power Plan, which would have set strict limits on carbon emissions from coal and natural gas power plants, with a new version that lets states set their own rules. In addition, federal agencies no longer include GHG emission analysis in environmental reviews. Many of these federal actions are subject to ongoing legal challenges. STATE CLIMATE POLICY Since 2005, the State of California has responded to growing concerns over the effects of climate change by adopting a comprehensive approach to addressing greenhouse gas emissions in the public and private sectors. In 2005, Executive Order S-3-05 established long-term targets to reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The 2020 GHG reduction target was subsequently codified with the passage of the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, more commonly known as Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32). Senate Bill 32 (SB 32), passed in 2016, established a longer -term target to reduce emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. In 2015, Executive Order B-30-15 reaffirmed California's goal to reduce emissions 80% below 1990 levels by 2050, and 2018's Executive Order B-55-18 committed California to achieve carbon neutrality — the point at which the removal of carbon from the atmosphere meets or exceeds emissions — by 2045. The California Air Resources Board (CARE) is responsible for monitoring and reducing greenhouse gas emissions set forth in AB 32 and SB 32, and is, therefore, coordinating statewide efforts. CARB adopted its first Scoping Plan in 2008 which outlined the actions required for California to reach its 2020 emission target. CARB's California's 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan lays out a strategy to achieve the 2030 target. The Scoping Plan encourages local governments to adopt a reduction goal for municipal operations emissions and move toward establishing similar goals for community emissions that parallel the State commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The State encourages local governments to track GHG emissions and adopt a Climate Action Plan that identifies how the local community will meet the reduction target. Saratoga has tracked community operations GHG emissions since 2005. The State of California established the Six Pillars framework in 2015. These include (1) reducing today's petroleum use in cars and trucks by up to 50%; (2) increasing from one-third to 50% our electricity derived from renewable sources; (3) doubling the energy efficiency savings achieved at existing buildings and making heating fuels cleaner; (4) reducing the release of methane, black carbon, and other short-lived climate pollutants; (5) managing farm and rangelands, forests, and wetlands so they can store carbon; and (6) periodically updating the State's climate adaptation strategy, Safeguarding California. The actions contained in this Climate Action Plan are designed to support and implement the Six Pillars and the goals of the 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan on a local level. SB 375, passed by the State Assembly and Senate in August 2008, is another significant component of California's commitment to GHG reduction. The goal of SB 375 is to reduce emissions from cars and light trucks by promoting compact mixed -use, commercial, and residential development. The first step outlined in SB 375 called for the State's 18 metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and the California Air Quality Board to establish a region's GHG reduction target for passenger vehicle and light duty truck emissions. Then, the MPO was required to develop a sustainable communities strategy that demonstrates how the region will meet its GHG reduction target. Here in the Bay Area, four regional government agencies — the Association of Bay Area Governments, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, worked together to create Plan Bay Area, the region's sustainable communities strategy. Most recently updated in 2017, the plan is projected to reduce regional per capita greenhouse gas emissions from passenger vehicles and light duty trucks 16% by 2035. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan In 2010, the California State Office of Planning and Research adopted revised CEQA Guidelines that allow streamlining of project -level analysis of greenhouse gas emissions through compliance with a greenhouse gas reduction plan contained in a general plan, long range development plan, or separate climate action plan. Plans must meet the criteria set forth in section 15183.5 of the CEQA Guidelines, which include requirements for quantifying existing and projected greenhouse gases; identifying a level of cumulative greenhouse gas emissions that would not be considered significant; specifying measures and standards that would ensure achievement of this level; and continued monitoring to track progress. This Climate Action Plan meets those criteria. If this Plan is incorporated in the updated General Plan and evaluated in the General Plan Update Environmental Impact Report, then it may be used in the cumulative impacts analysis of later projects. An environmental document that relies on a greenhouse gas reduction plan for a cumulative impacts analysis must identify those requirements specified in the plan that apply to the project, and, if those requirements are not otherwise binding and enforceable, incorporate those requirements as mitigation measures applicable to the project. ACTIONS TAKEN BY SARATOGA TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Although this is the City's first Climate Action Plan, the City of Saratoga has already implemented a wide range of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. RENEWABLE ENERGY ■ In 2016, the City joined eleven Santa Clara County communities to form Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE), a new Community Choice Energy agency. As a public agency, SVCE is chartered to source clean, competitively priced electricity on behalf of residents and businesses in participating jurisdictions. ■ In 2017, the City began purchasing 100% renewable electricity from SVCE for all municipal facilities. ■ In 2012, the City installed 78 solar panels at the Corporation Yard that provide approximately 25 kilowatts of electricity. The solar energy system fully powers the Corporation Yard and the remaining electricity is directed to the Community Center. Also that year, the City installed a solar PV system at the Library that produces over 91,00 kWh of electricity annually. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ■ The City has replaced fluorescent lighting with light -emitting diode (LED) fixtures in its buildings. ■ The City has converted all its traffic signals and approximately 45% of its streetlights to LED fixtures. LED lighting uses about half of the electricity of conventional lighting. ■ In 2014, the City installed a cool roof at the Joan Pisani Community Center, which reflects the sun's energy back to the sky instead of allowing it to enter the building as heat. The cool roof reduced the cost of air conditioning by 20% to 30%. The City has also installed cool roofs on the theater and City Hall buildings. ■ In 2019, the City adopted a green building reach code that requires all new buildings to use electric heat pump technology for their space and water heating. Natural gas is permitted as a fuel source for clothes drying, food cooking, and fireplaces, but these appliance connections must be "electric -ready." The City also requires new commercial buildings to exceed Title 24 energy efficiency requirements by 15%. LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION ■ Completed pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure and safety improvements to encourage residents, employees, and visitors to walk or bike rather than drive to their destinations. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Installed electric vehicle changing stations at City Hall, downtown, and the library. Adopted an ordinance that requires new one and two-family homes and townhouses with attached garages to install two EV charger outlets, with one outlet located on the exterior of the building. WASTE REDUCTION Implemented green purchasing policies for government operations, including preferences for environmentally friendly janitorial supplies, products made from recycled materials, and durable or reusable products. The City also has an extensive recycling program. Executed a Solid Waste Hauling Franchise Agreement with provisions for recycling and green waste programs. WATER CONSERVATION Replaced turf areas in Saratoga parks with native, drought tolerant plants to save on water and maintenance costs. Installed smart irrigation controls at City parks and medians to control watering levels based on weather and moisture content in the air. CARBON SEQUESTRATION In 2016, the City challenged residents to plant 2,020 trees by the year 2020 after Saratoga lost a significant number of trees due to the drought. To reach this goal, the City partnered with Our City Forest to offer residents discounted trees. The City and community exceeded this goal by May 2019. CLIMATE ACTION ■ The City is a member of Joint Venture Silicon Valley -Public Sector Climate Action Task Force. Under its action plan, the task force seeks to conduct inventories of greenhouse gas emissions; develop a vision for the region and set goals; identify and analyze specific opportunities to reduce emissions; form procurement pools to obtain the best prices on new technologies; identify and evaluate financing options; pilot solutions and share experiences; and measure progress toward its goals. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan SARATOGA's GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SARATOGA PROFILE Located in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains, the City of Saratoga runs along the western edge of Santa Clara County. Saratoga has a land area of approximately 12.8 square miles. The City enjoys a temperate climate, with cool, wet, and almost frostless winters and dry, sunny summers. According to California Department of Finance estimates, the population of Saratoga in 2017 was 31,364 and there were 11,226 housing units. The housing stock is relatively older, with approximately 80% of homes built before 1980, providing excellent opportunities to upgrade homes to include more energy -efficient features (American Community Survey, 2018). The local climate means that electricity consumption spikes during the summer to cool buildings, while natural gas consumption rises in the winter months and fluctuates according to average low temperatures during the rainy season. Water use rises during the summer, and outdoor water use is largely dependent upon local rainfall patterns and weather conditions. Saratoga is a local employment center providing about 8,720 jobs in 2017 (Plan Bay Area Projections 2040). Most people who work in Saratoga commute from other Santa Clara cities and towns (65%), while about 12% come from other counties (Census Transportation Planning Products, 2012-2016). The City has public and private schools for grades K-12, a community college, a post office, a library, two fire stations, and a City Hall. The commercial sector of the built environment, which includes retail and office buildings as well as public and government facilities, uses about 31% of all electricity and 12% of natural gas consumed in Saratoga. As such, the commercial sector has a significant role to play in reducing GHG emissions in the community. Saratoga is served by transit service provided by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. In 2017, five local bus routes connected Saratoga residents, workers, and students to the Santa Clara Caltrain station and transit centers in Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, and Eastridge. An estimated 1% of Saratoga residents commute to work by public transportation. Prior to the novel coronavirus pandemic, about 79% of employed residents drive to work alone and 8% carpool (American Community Survey, 2018). The City's climate, compact size, and mostly flat topography are conducive to walking and bicycling, and the City's network of bicycle and pedestrian facilities and amenities provides safe and convenient routes. Nonetheless, while approximately 13% of employed Saratoga residents work in the City and not in their homes, only 2% walk or bike to work. Encouraging more residents to walk and bike to destinations within the City will help to reduce transportation emissions. Finally, Saratoga residents are both wealthier and more educated than residents in most California communities. With a median household income more than double that of the average California household ($176,641 vs. $71,228) and a great majority of well-educated residents (78% have a bachelor's degree or higher), Saratoga residents are well positioned to lead the way in adopting new technologies. Public information campaigns, incentives, and regulatory mechanisms to accelerate solar and battery storage installation, electric vehicle adoption, and electrification of buildings and appliances are strategies that can be used to reduce GHG emissions in the community. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan COMMUNITY EMISSIONS INVENTORY The first step toward developing a climate action plan is to identify sources of emissions and establish baseline levels. In 2020, the City prepared a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for community operations emissions for the years 2005 through 2017. The inventory quantifies greenhouse gas emissions from a wide variety of sources, from the energy used to power, heat, and cool buildings, to the fuel used to move vehicles and power off -road equipment, to the decomposition of solid waste and treatment of wastewater. Emissions are quantified according to methodologies established by the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (v. 1.2). The report provides a detailed understanding of where the highest emissions are coming from, and, therefore, where the greatest opportunities for emissions reductions lie. The inventory also establishes a baseline emission inventory against which to measure future progress. Community emissions are quantified according to these seven sectors: • The Residential sector represents emissions generated from the use of electricity, natural gas, and propane in Saratoga homes. • The Commercial sector represents emissions generated from the use of electricity and natural gas in commercial, industrial, and governmental buildings and facilities. • The Transportation sector includes tailpipe emissions from passenger vehicle trips originating and/or ending in Saratoga, a share of tailpipe emissions generated by medium and heavy-duty vehicles travelling on Santa Clara County roads, and emissions from transit vehicles operating within the city limits. Electricity used to power electric vehicles is embedded in electricity consumption reported in the Residential and Commercial sectors. • The Waste sector represents fugitive methane emissions that are generated over time as organic material decomposes in the landfill. Although most methane is captured or flared off at the landfill, approximately 25% escapes into the atmosphere. • The Off -Road sector represents emissions from the combustion of gasoline, diesel, and other fuels from the operation of off -road vehicles and equipment used for light commercial, construction, recreation, and landscape maintenance. • The Water sector represents emissions from energy used to pump, convey, treat, and distribute potable water from the water source to Saratoga. • The Wastewater sector represents stationary, process, and fugitive greenhouse gases that are created during the treatment of wastewater generated by the community and emissions created from energy used to process wastewater. It also includes fugitive emissions from septic systems present within Saratoga's city limits. Community greenhouse gas emissions totaled 179,893 metric tons in 2008 and 119,974 metric tons in 2017, falling 33%, or 59,919 metric tons CO2e in that period.' As shown in Table 2, reductions occurred in all inventoried sectors except the Waste sector. The largest decline occurred in the Residential sector, due to a reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption and an improvement in the carbon intensity of electricity. Emissions declined 45% in the Residential sector and 35,000 metric tons between 2008 and 2017. 9 Although the City's Greenhouse Gas Inventory quantifies emission levels back to 2005, the CAP uses a 2008 baseline from which to establish reduction targets as recommended in the California Air Resources Board's Climate Change Scoping Plan (2008 and 2017). See page 15 of this plan for more information. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan _= TABLE 2: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2008 TO 2017 Year 2008 cc 78,162 W 22,512 66,612 3: 5,669 • 4,607 1,474 856 179,893 00 2009 74,757 21,425 66,342 4,841 4,031 1,265 841 173,501 -4% 2010 67,196 18,633 64,352 4,484 4,486 916 794 160,861 -11% 2011 66,084 16,825 63,226 4,492 4,381 818 779 156,605 -13% 2012 64,033 17,382 61,600 4,574 4,458 945 797 153,790 -15% 2013 64,538 17,240 61,042 4,520 4,631 950 793 153,713 -15% 2014 53,687 15,747 60,756 4,514 4,658 851 795 141,008 -22% 2015 53,493 15,248 58,591 4,381 4,977 633 785 138,108 -23% 2016 48,435 13,240 57,530 4,363 4,907 440 744 129,660 -28% 2017 43,162 9,597 56,847 4,287 5,018 338 724 119,974 -33% Change from 2008 -35,000 -12,915 -9,764 -1,382 410 -1,136 -132 -59,919 % Change from 2008 -45% -57% -15% -24% 9% -77% -15% -33% Figure 3 compares sector emissions between 2008 and 2017. Emissions from the Transportation sector have always been responsible for the greatest percentage of greenhouse gas emissions, but that share has grown over the years as energy use has declined and electricity has become cleaner. PG&E has been steadily increasing the amount of renewable energy in its electricity mix, which was 67% less carbon intensive in 2017 than it was in 2008. Silicon Valley Clean Energy, which began providing electricity to Saratoga customers in April 2017, provides its customers with electricity that is generated from 100% greenhouse -free sources. In 2017, about 60% of the electricity consumed in Saratoga was sourced by Silicon Valley Clean Energy. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan _= FIGURE 3: EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2008 AND 2017 Off-F 3', Water & Wastewater <1% Waste 3% Transportal 37% Commercial 13% Residential 43 % Off -Road Commercial Water& q/ 8% Wastewater <1% Waste 4% Transport 48% 2008 2017 CONSUMPTION -BASED INVENTORY Residential 36% In 2016, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and U.C. Berkeley developed consumption -based inventories for Bay Area communities to better understand how purchasing habits contribute to global climate change. A consumption -based inventory includes emission sources that don't get counted in the typical "activity - based" GHG inventory, as well as other items that are difficult to quantify like airplane travel and upstream emissions from the production, transport, and distribution of food and household goods. Figure 4 shows the results of the consumption -based inventory for Saratoga households. According to this inventory, the average Saratoga household generates 66.2 MTCO2e per year. As a comparison, the City's community -wide emissions of 119,974 MTCO2e works out to about 11.1 MTCO2e per household. For more information on the consumption -based inventories, visit https://coolclimate.org/inventory. Although the consumption -based inventory is informative, it is not updated regularly and therefore does not provide a useful way to track changes in emissions levels over time. Saratoga's Greenhouse Gas Inventory instead focuses on emission sources that the City has some control over and that can be reliably quantified using established protocols and tracked annually in order to inform decision -making and measure progress. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan FIGURE 4: AVERAGE SARATOGA HOUSEHOLD CARBON FOOTPRINT 30 25 020 O x W n O �15 W a W N O U Z 10 O H U C 5 RECYCLINGI: .5 Source: Cool Climate Network COMMUNITY EMISSIONS FORECAST The Climate Action Plan includes a business -as -usual (BAU) forecast in which emissions are projected in the absence of policies or actions that would occur beyond the base year (2017) to reduce emissions. The forecasts are derived by "growing" 2017 emissions by forecasted changes in population, number of households, and jobs. Transportation emissions are projected utilizing data provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), which incorporate the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reductions expected from the implementation of Plan Bay Area 2040 and the Regional Transportation Plan adopted in 2017. As shown in Table 3, emissions are expected to rise about 6.6% by 2030 and 8.7% by 2040, assuming full build -out. Although the MTC has not made official VMT projections for 2050, continuing the trendline suggests community emissions would reach approximately 130,860 MTCO2e by 2050 under the BAU forecast, an increase of 9.1% over 2017 levels. TABLE 3: SARATOGA COMMUNITY EMISSIONS FORECAST Values are expressed in MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan COMMUNITY EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS The State of California has adopted goals to reduce California's greenhouse gas emissions. Passed in 2006, the California Global Warming Solutions Act (Assembly Bill 32) established the State's first target to reduce statewide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Because activity data is generally not available to determine 1990 emissions levels for local governments, the California Air Resources Board recommended local governments pursue a target, comparable to the statewide target, to reduce emissions 15% below "current" emissions in its Climate Change Scoping Plan, which was published in 2008. The State subsequently established additional goals for future reductions. Senate Bill 32, passed in 2016, establishes a target to reduce emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. Executive Order B-30-15 reaffirmed California's goal to reduce emissions 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The California Air Resources Board's 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan lays out a strategy to achieve the 2030 target and recommends statewide targets of no more than 6 MTCO2e per capita by 2030 and no more than 2 MTCO2e per capita by 2050. 10 However, the statewide target is based on emissions from all inventory sectors and should be adjusted to reflect local emissions sectors. When adjusted to include only those sectors and emission sources that are included in Saratoga's GHG community inventory, the adjusted local target is no more than 4.1 MTCO2e per person by 2030 and approximately 1.4 MTCO2e per person by 2050. Appendix C details how the adjusted local target was derived. This Climate Action Plan establishes targets similar to the State's goals to reduce emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. In Saratoga, that means emissions would need to drop to 91,745 MTCO2e by 2030 and 30,582 MTCO2e by 2050. The community emissions trend, forecast, and reduction targets are shown in Figure 5. The Plan lays out measures that will exceed the 2030 target and put the City on a trajectory to meet the 2050 goal. The trajectory line in Figure 5 assumes the following strategies are implemented by 2050: • GHG-free electricity • Electrification of all passenger vehicles • Electrification of all transit buses • Continued fuel efficiency improvements in the commercial vehicle fleet and some electrification of medium and heavy-duty trucks • Elimination of all organic waste from the landfill • Continued reductions in natural gas consumption in residential and commercial buildings • Electrification of all lawn and garden equipment In September 2018, Governor Brown issued Executive Order (EO) B-55-18, which established a new statewide goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The Executive Order defines carbon neutrality as "the point at which the removal of carbon pollution from the atmosphere meets or exceed emissions" and states that carbon neutrality will require both GHG reductions consistent with existing statewide targets and carbon sequestration in forests, soils, and other natural landscapes. EO B-55-18 directs the California Air Resources Board to update future Scoping Plans to identify sequestration targets and recommend measures to achieve the new goal. 10 California Air Resources Board, "2017 Scoping Plan," p. 99. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan FIGURE 5: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS TREND, FORECAST, AND TARGETS 180,000 160,000 N O H 140,000 120,000 0 100,000 ui = 80,000 l7 60,000 c Q 40,000 20,000 ACTUAL EMISSIONS BUSINESS -AS -USUAL SCENARIO ffffff.. 2030 Target'�ff,•� 40% below 1990 levels ••�•'ffrr.•• TRAJECTORY LINE 2050 Target• 80% below 1990 levels 0 o00 oti° oti� otia oti(0 ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti Year City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = ACTIONS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE INTRODUCTION The Climate Action Plan includes a variety of regulatory, incentive -based, and market -based strategies that are expected to reduce emissions from both existing and new development in Saratoga. Several of the strategies build on existing programs while others provide new opportunities to address climate change. State actions will have a substantial impact on future emissions. Local strategies will supplement these State actions and achieve additional GHG emissions reductions. Successful implementation will rely on the combined participation of City staff and Saratoga residents, businesses, and community leaders. The following sections identify the State and local strategies included in the Climate Action Plan to reduce community emissions. Emissions reductions are estimated for individual actions when quantifiable. Combined, these indicate the City will reduce emissions 42% below 1990 emissions in 2030, which exceeds the State's 2030 goal. As shown in Figure 6, State and local actions each represent about 50% of the reduction expected through implementation of the Climate Action Plan. FIGURE 6: CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF REDUCTION STRATEGIES 140,000 BUSINESS -AS -USUAL SCENARIO 120,000 State Actions 100,000 Local .............................. } a, ���������������������2030GOAL� Actions O 80,000 U 60,000 20,000 0 2017 2020 2025 2030 City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = STATE ACTIONS The Climate Action Plan incorporates State reduction strategies that have been approved, programmed, and/or adopted and will reduce local community emissions from 2017 levels. These programs require no additional local actions, although local actions may work to support these programs, as in the case of the State Action "Organic Waste Reduction". State actions are quantified first and deducted from projected community emissions to provide a better picture of what still needs to be reduced at the local level to get to the overall reduction target. State actions and emissions reductions are shown in Table 4 and detailed in Appendix B. LIGHT AND HEAVY-DUTY FLEET REGULATIONS Assembly Bill 1493, signed into law in 2002, requires carmakers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from new passenger cars and light trucks beginning in 2009 through increased fuel efficiency standards. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted regulations in September 2009 that reduce greenhouse gas emissions in new passenger cars, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles for model years 2012-2016. The Advanced Clean Cars rule was expected to further reduce GHG emissions from automobiles and light -duty trucks for 2017-2025 vehicle models years. CARB Tractor -Trailer Greenhouse Gas Regulations accelerated the use of low rolling resistance tires and aerodynamic fairing to reduce GHG emissions in the heavy-duty truck fleet. Finally, the Heavy Duty GHG Emissions Standards (Phase One) established GHG and fuel efficiency standards for medium -duty and heavy-duty engines and vehicles for 2014-2018 model years. These regulations have been incorporated into the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) emissions model, EMFAC2017, which is used to calculate emissions from on -road sources for California counties. In June 2020, CARB issued off -model adjustments to EMFAC2017 emission factors to account for the SAFE Vehicles Rules and actions adopted by the U.S. EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in late 2019 and early 2020.11 In September 2019, the U.S. EPA and the NHTSA issued the Safer Affordable Fuel -Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule Part One: One National Program (SAFE Part One) that revoked California's authority to set its own greenhouse gas emissions standards and zero -emission vehicle (ZEV) mandates in California. In April 2020, the federal agencies issued the SAFE Vehicles Rule for Model Years 2021-2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (Final SAFE Rule) that relaxed federal GHG emissions and fuel economy standards. CARB staff adjusted projected emissions factors by lowering the improvement in fuel economy expected for passenger cars and light trucks for the 2021 to 2026 model years. CARB also froze new ZEV sales at model year 2020 levels. Transportation emissions quantified in this CAP reflect the off -model adjustment. RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD (RPS) Established in 2002 in Senate Bill 1078, the Renewable Portfolio Standard program requires electricity providers to increase the portion of energy that comes from eligible renewable sources, including solar, wind, small hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and biowaste, to 20% by 2010 and to 33% by 2020. Senate Bill 350, passed in 2015, increased the renewable requirement to 50% by the end of 2030. Senate Bill 100, passed in September 2018, accelerated the RPS standard to 60% by 2030 and zero -carbon by 2045. In 2019, PG&E's electric power generation mix contained 29% eligible renewable energy and was 100% GHG-free. Silicon Valley Clean Energy's "GreenStart" electricity 11 California Air Resources Board, "EMFAC Off -Model Adjustment Factors for Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Account for the SAFE Vehicles Rule Part One and the Final Safe Rule," June 26, 2020, https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac off model cot adjustment factors 06262020- final pdf?utm medium=email&utm source=sovdelivery City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = contained 50% eligible renewable energy and was 100% GHG-free. SVCE's "GreenPrime" electricity contained 100% eligible renewable energy and was GHG-free. TITLE 24 The California Energy Commission (CEC) promotes energy efficiency and conservation by setting the State's building energy efficiency standards. Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations covers the structural, electrical, mechanical, and plumbing system of every building constructed or altered after 1978. The building energy efficiency standards are updated on an approximate three-year cycle, and each cycle imposes increasingly higher demands on energy efficiency and conservation. Emissions reductions are based on lower energy budgets mandated by existing Title 24 energy efficiency standards, as well as mandatory solar installation for residential buildings beginning with the 2019 code. LIGHTING EFFICIENCY AND TOXIC REDUCTION ACT AB 1109, the Lighting Efficiency and Toxic Reduction Act, tasked the California Energy Commission (CEC) with reducing lighting energy usage in indoor residences by no less than 50% from 2007 levels by 2018, as well as required a 25% reduction in indoor and outdoor commercial buildings by the same date. To achieve these efficiency levels, the CEC applied its existing appliance efficiency standards to include lighting products, as well as required minimum lumen/watt standards for different categories of lighting products. The bill also expanded incentives for energy efficient lighting. ORGANIC WASTE REDUCTION Passed in 2016, SIB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50% reduction in statewide organic waste disposal from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75% reduction by 2025. The law grants CalRecycle regulatory authority to achieve the organic waste disposal reduction targets and establishes an additional target that not less than 20% of currently disposed edible food is recovered for human consumption by 2025. In 2022, CalRecycle may begin to issue penalties for non-compliance. On January 1, 2024, the regulations may require local jurisdictions to impose penalties for non- compliance on regulated entities subject to their authority. The State has enacted additional laws to reduce organic waste disposal and increase recycling. AB 1826, passed in 2014, requires businesses to recycle their organic waste, depending on the amount of waste they generate per week. In this context, organic waste means food waste, green waste, landscape and pruning waste, nonhazardous wood waste, and food -soiled paper waste that is mixed in with food waste. The law phases in mandatory recycling of commercial organics over time. As of January 2019, businesses that generate 4 or more cubic yards of commercial solid waste per week are required to arrange for organic waste recycling services. The State law is intended to reduce statewide disposal of organic waste 50% from 2014 levels by 2020. If that target is not met, the law will be extended to cover businesses that generate 2 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste. In addition, the State's Green Building Code (CALGreen) requires residential and non-residential development projects to recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65% of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste. Table 4 shows the total emissions reductions in Saratoga projected by 2030 through implementation of State actions. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = TABLE 4: EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM STATE ACTIONS State Action 2030 Light and Heavy -Duty Vehicle Regulations Emissions Reductions IVITCO2e 13,639 Renewable Portfolio Standard 1,529 Title 24 340 Lighting Efficiency 73 Organic Waste Reduction 3,853 Total 19,433 SUMMARY OF LOCAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION STRATEGIES The local mitigation strategies presented in the following sections, and as summarized in Table 5 below, achieve greenhouse gas emissions reductions in the community of approximately 19,400 MTCO2e in 2030. TABLE 5: LOCAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION STRATEGIES Strategy Low Carbon Transportation GHG Reductions by 2030 (MTCO2e) 8,129 Percent of Reductions 42% Renewable Energy 5,196 27% Energy Efficiency 5,784 30% Waste Reduction n/a - Water Conservation 44 <1% Carbon Sequestration 248 1% Adaptation n/a - Community Engagement n/a - Implementation and Monitoring n/a - Total 19,401 100% These local strategies are detailed with specific actions in the following sections. Some actions are not associated with greenhouse gas reductions because they are in support of other local and/or State actions, or because information was not available to quantify the potential GHG reduction. Together, the projected reductions from State and local actions total 38,834 MTCO2e by 2030. Community emissions are therefore projected to be 89,051 MTCO2e in 2030 with the full implementation of the CAP. This is 42% below 1990 levels and exceeds the statewide reduction target by 2%. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan M LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION Almost half of Saratoga's community emissions comes from transportation, and up until the recent commercial success of electric vehicles, it has been hard to see how transportation emissions can be reduced. Sure, improvements in fuel efficiency have driven emissions down —the passenger vehicle fleet in Santa Clara County is about 15% more fuel efficient than it was ten years ago — but vehicle miles traveled by passenger cars have only gone down about 2% over the same period. Surveys show that alternative transportation rates have hardly budged over the years, despite improvements in the bicycle and pedestrian network and public information campaigns to get people to carpool, bicycle, walk, and take transit. What You Can Do All of that is now changing with the viability of zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), especially here in Saratoga where electricity is quite clean and expected to get cleaner. ZEVs include all -battery as well as plug-in hybrid vehicles. Santa Clara County is a leader in ZEV adoption rates, and ZEVs already comprise about 4.7% of registered vehicles in the county as of January 2020. In Saratoga, the rate is even higher, at just under 10%. The City's plan is to increase the rate of ZEV registrations among Saratoga residents and workers to 25% by 2030 by building out the EV charging infrastructure and encouraging ZEVs through incentives, public education, and development requirements. This is an aggressive target, but one that complements the State's goal to put 5 million ZEVs on the road by 2030 and require all new passenger cars sold in California to be zero emission by 2035. Improvements in battery and charging technology, expected cost reductions, and automakers' commitments to significantly expand ZEV offerings point to an all -electric future. New cars are typically out of the reach of lower -income household budgets, but programs that incentivize used EV car purchases and installation of EV chargers in multi -family buildings can help ensure the benefits of EV ownership are shared by all. #1 Drive an all -electric or plug-in hybrid vehicle. #2 Bike, walk, or take transit whenever possible. #3 Reduce the number of miles you drive by working from home when possible and consolidating vehicle trips. #3 Shut your car off when waiting in line at the ATM or j school pick up/drop off lane. I i #4 Better yet, encourage your child to walk or bike to school. That said, Saratoga cannot rely on ZEVs alone to meet its transportation emissions reduction goals; reducing congestion, enabling better biking and walking opportunities, and incentivizing public transit all carry co -benefits and can be enjoyed by all. The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from transportation sources. TABLE 6: LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION ACTIONS ID Measure GHG Reduction by 2030 Share of (MTCO2e) LCT-1 Zero Emission Vehicles 7,264 89/0 LCT-2 Bicycling 328 4% LCT-3 Walking 16 <1% LC Employee Trip Reduction 36 <1% LCT-5 Public Transit 245 3% City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan . LCT-6 Safe Routes to School 188 2% LCT-7 Traffic System Management and Vehicle Idling' n/a - LCT-8 Zero and Low Emission City Vehicles 43 1% LCT-9 Low Carbon Fuels 5 <1% LCT-10 City Employee Commute 2 <1% TOTAL 8,129 100% ' Emissions reductions could not be calculated due to iacK or aata. LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION ACTIONS LCT-1 Zero Emission Vehicles. Develop a Zero Emission Vehicle Plan that will result in 25% of passenger vehicles in Saratoga to be zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), including plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, by 2030. Consider incorporating the following actions in the plan: 1. Work with SVCE to implement and update the Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Joint Action Plan. 2. Adopt reach codes that require EV-ready infrastructure and charging station installation above State baseline building requirements for new and remodeled residential, multi -family, and commercial projects. 3. Adopt permit streamlining practices to expedite the approval process for new EV infrastructure and charging station installation. 4. Work with SVCE to identify multi -family sites and corridors appropriate for EV fast chargers. 5. Work with SVCE to promote available rebates and technical support for multi -family and workplace sites. 6. Provide free or low-cost charging for ZEVs at City parking lots. 7. Provide wayfinding signage to public EV chargers. 8. Require new and remodeled gas stations to provide EV fast chargers and hydrogen fueling stations. 9. Participate in programs to promote EV adoption, including "Drive an EW events and other media and outreach campaigns. 10. Encourage or require, as practicable, ride hailing and delivery service companies to utilize zero emission vehicles. 11. Promote use of electric bicycles, scooters, and motorcycles. LCT-2 Bicycling. Encourage bicycling as an alternative to vehicular travel. Establish and maintain a system of bicycle facilities that are consistent with the City's General Plan and Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan. LCT-3 Walking. Encourage walking as an alternative to vehicular travel. Establish and maintain a system of pedestrian facilities that are consistent with the City's General Plan and Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan. LCT-4 Employee Trip Reduction. Reduce vehicle miles traveled commuting to work through the following actions: 1. Work with Santa Clara VTA and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) to promote transportation demand programs to local employers, such as rideshare matching programs, vanpool incentive programs, emergency ride home programs, telecommuting, transit use discounts and subsidies, showers and changing facilities, bicycle racks and lockers, and other incentives to use transportation other than single occupant vehicles. 2. Embark on an outreach and educational campaign to encourage employees to reduce vehicle trips. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan LCT-5 Public Transit. Support and promote public transit by taking the following actions: 1. Work with Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) to maximize ridership through expansion and/or improvement of transit routes, schedules, and stops. 2. Encourage VTA to use renewable diesel as a transition fuel and to purchase electric buses whenever replacing existing buses. LCT-6 Safe Routes to School. Support Safe Routes to School and strive to increase bicycling, walking, carpooling, and taking public transit to school. 1. Promote school and student participation by encouraging schools to implement and/or expand Safe Routes to School programs. 2. Identify issues associated with unsafe bicycle and pedestrian facilities between neighborhoods and schools, apply for Safe Routes to School grants, and execute plans to improve pedestrian and bicycle facilities. LCT-7 Traffic System Management and Vehicle Idling. 1. Implement signal synchronization to minimize wait times at traffic lights and to reduce congestion through increased traffic flow. 2. Utilize intelligent traffic management systems to improve traffic flow. 3. Encourage drivers and autonomous vehicles to limit vehicle idling, particularly at schools during drop off and pick up. LCT-8 Zero and Low Emission City Vehicles. 1. Purchase or lease zero -emission vehicles for the City fleet whenever feasible, and when not, the most fuel - efficient models available. 2. Promote City adoption and procurement of zero -emission vehicles and charging infrastructure to the public. LCT-9 Low Carbon Fuels. Use low -carbon fuel such as renewable diesel as a transition fuel in the City's fleet and encourage the City's service providers to do the same. LCT-10 City Employee Commute. Provide City employees with incentives to use alternatives to single occupant auto commuting, such as free electric vehicle charging, transit subsidies, bicycle facilities, ridesharing services, flexible schedules, and telecommuting when practical. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan I RENEWABLE ENERGY Energy that comes from renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and small hydroelectric, are the cleanest and most -environmentally friendly energy sources. Here in Saratoga where there is an abundance of sunny days, solar energy is a particularly good energy source. According to Project Sunroof. 94% of Saratoga buildings have roofs that are solar -viable. These 10,300 roofs could generate over 327 million kWh per year, which is more than double the total electricity usage in Saratoga in 2017. Solar system costs keep falling, too, which make them an attractive option for home and commercial What YOU Can DO building owners. The Climate Action Plan projects that Saratoga can get about 27% of our electricity from locally produced solar energy systems by 2030, up #1 Switch to SVCE from about 11% currently, just by maintaining the current growth rate. GreenPrime or PG&E Solar When solar is not an option, due perhaps to a shady roof or a reluctant landlord, residents and business owners can purchase 100% renewable electricity from Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE) and PG&E. SVCE and PG&E electricity have a high percentage of renewable content, which means it's some of the cleanest electricity in the country. SVCE's GreenStart electricity is 100% greenhouse gas free, while SVCE's GreenPrime is also 100% GHG-free and comes from 100% renewable sources, primarily solar and wind farms in California and on the western grid. The City has been purchasing GreenPrime electricity for governmental operations since it first became available in Saratoga in April 2017. Since Saratoga's electricity is so clean, it is a great idea to swap out appliances and heating and cooling systems that use natural gas for ones that use electricity. The City's green building ordinance requires installation of electric heat pump technology for space and water heating in new homes and commercial buildings and requires natural gas appliances like stoves, clothes dryers, and fireplaces, if installed, to be electric -ready. Eventually, the community will need to replace the majority of natural gas appliance and equipment in existing buildings if it is going to achieve its long-term goals. Choice 100% renewable electricity. #2 Install a solar energy system on your home or business and consider battery storage. #3 Replace appliances that use natural gas for ones that use electricity. #4 Investigate electric hot water heaters and heat pumps so you can swap out heaters and furnaces that use natural gas when it's time to replace them. Battery prices are falling and will soon be a cost-effective option, too. Solar energy combined with battery storage is a great option for people concerned about losing electric service during a Public Safety Power Shutoff event or storms and is certainly a cleaner choice than generators running on natural gas or fuel. Fortunately, ongoing research and development of energy storage systems are creating new business opportunities and making an all -electric, 100% renewable future possible. The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from energy use. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan TABLE 7: RENEWABLE ENERGY ACTIONS ID Measure GHG Reduction by 2030 Sh •Reductions RE-1 GHG-Free Electricity 3,651 70% RE-2 Renewable Energy Generation 1,528 29% RE-3 Building and Appliance Electrification' n/a - RE-4 Innovative Technologies' n/a - RE-5 Municipal 100% Renewable Electricity 17 <1% TOTAL 5,196 100% JCC MULIU11 «-1 IF] Lne r-nergy rrriciency section for estimated emissions reduction from the City's green building ordinance. ' This is a supportive action and therefore no additional GHG reduction is taken. RENEWABLE ENERGY ACTIONS RE-1 GHG-Free Electricity. Support Silicon Valley Clean Energy in the continued delivery of 100% greenhouse gas free electricity and its 100% renewable electricity option (which is also 100% GHG-free). RE-2 Renewable Energy Generation and Storage. Accelerate installation of solar and other renewable energy installations and energy storage systems at residential and commercial buildings and sites and community facilities through the following provisions: 1. Provide solar permit streamlining and reduce or eliminate fees, as feasible. 2. Amend building codes, development codes, design guidelines, and zoning ordinances, as necessary, to facilitate small (up to 10 kW DC), medium (10 to 250 kW DC), and large-scale (over 250 kW DC) solar power installations. 3. Encourage installation of solar panels on rooftops and over parking areas on commercial projects, schools, and residential developments. 4. Identify and promote incentives and financing and loan programs for residential and non- residential solar projects. 5. Encourage installation of battery storage in conjunction with renewable energy generation projects. RE-3 Building and Appliance Electrification. Promote electrification of building systems and appliances that currently use natural gas, including heating systems, hot water heaters, stoves, and clothes dryers. See also Action EE-1 in the Energy Efficiency section. RE-4 Innovative Technologies. Investigate and pursue or adopt policies to allow the commercial and residential sectors to pursue innovative technologies such as microgrids (a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that can disconnect from the grid and operate independently in "island mode"), battery storage, and demand -response programs that will improve the electric grid's resiliency and help to balance demand and renewable energy production. RE-5 Municipal 100% Renewable Electricity. Continue to purchase Silicon Valley Clean Energy 100% GHG-free and renewable energy for all facilities. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan 0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Increasing the efficiency of buildings is often the most cost-effective approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency upgrades, such as adding insulation and sealing leaks in heating ducts, have demonstrated energy savings of up to 20%, while more aggressive "whole house" retrofits can result in even greater energy savings. Many "low -hanging fruit" improvements can be made inexpensively and without remodeling yet can be extremely cost-efficient, such as swapping out incandescent bulbs to LED bulbs, sealing air leaks, and installing a programmable thermostat. Energy Star -certified appliances and office equipment, high - efficiency heating and air conditioning systems, and high -efficiency windows not only save energy but reduce operating costs in the long run. Rebates, financing, and tax incentives are often available for residents and businesses to help defray the cost of upgrades. The Saratoga community has been doing a good job reducing energy use. Since 2005, electricity consumption has declined an average of 0.8% per year and natural gas consumption has declined about 1.1% each year. The City will work with the utilities and other partners to promote energy efficiency and electrification programs to reduce energy use by at least 0.5% each year. New construction techniques and building materials, known collectively as "green building," can significantly reduce the use of resources and energy in homes and commercial buildings. Green construction methods can be integrated into buildings at any stage, from design and construction to renovation and deconstruction. The State of California requires green building and energy -efficiency through the Title 24 building codes. The State updates these codes approximately every three years, with increasing energy efficiency requirements since 2001. The State's energy efficiency goals are to have all new residential construction to be zero net electricity by 2020 and all new residential and commercial construction to be zero net energy by 2030. Local governments can accelerate this target by adopting energy efficiency standards for new construction and remodels that exceed existing State mandates, or by providing incentives, technical assistance, and streamlined permit processes to enable quicker adoption. What You Can Do #1 Replace indoor and outdoor lights with LED bulbs and turn them off when not in use. #2 Have an energy assessment done for your home or business. #3 Upgrade insulation, seal leaks, and install a programmable thermostat. #4 Purchase Energy Star appliances and equipment. #5 Unplug electronic appliances when not in use and set the thermostat to use less heat and air conditioning. The City of Saratoga adopted a reach code in December 2019 that requires all new residential and non-residential buildings to use electric heat pump technology for their space and water heating. Natural gas is permitted as a fuel source for clothes drying, food cooking, and fireplaces. However, buildings using natural gas appliances must also be "electric -ready," meaning that the location of a natural gas appliance can support an electric appliance in the future. The City also requires new commercial buildings to exceed Title 24 energy efficiency requirements by 15%. The City has taken several actions to reduce energy consumption in governmental operations, including converting streetlights to LED, upgrading inefficient lighting in buildings, and installing cool roofs on the Community Center, City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = theater, and City Hall buildings. The City will continue to reduce energy use through an upgrade of remaining heating and cooling systems, continued upgrade to LED lights and streetlights, installation of energy management systems, and, the installation of a solar hot water heaters and/or heat pump systems where feasible. The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions through energy efficiency. TABLE 8: ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTIONS ID EE-1 Measure GHG Green Building Reach Code Reduction by 2030 (MTCO2e) 2,350 Share of 41% EE-2 Energy Efficiency Programs 3,411 59% EE-3 Public Lighting 8 <1% EE-4 Municipal Energy Efficiency Audit and Retrofits 16 <1% TOTAL 5,784 100% ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTIONS EE-1 Green Building Reach Code. Implement the City's green building ordinance that requires all new residential and non-residential buildings to use electric heat pump technology for their space and water heating and requires natural gas appliances, if installed, to be electric -ready. EE-2 Energy Efficiency. Promote and expand participation in residential and commercial energy efficiency and electrification programs. 1. Work with organizations and agencies such as Silicon Valley Clean Energy and PG&E to implement energy efficiency and electrification programs and actions. 2. Identify and promote utility, state, and federal rebate, incentive, financing, and loan programs. EE-3 Public Lighting. Replace energy -inefficient street, parking lot, and other municipal outdoor lights with LED lights. EE-4 Municipal Energy Efficiency Audit and Retrofits. Identify and implement energy efficiency projects in municipal buildings and facilities and electrification of existing building systems and equipment that use natural gas. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan y� III WASTE REDUCTION The things we buy, consume, and throw away generate a lot of greenhouse gas emissions during manufacturing, transport, distribution, and disposal. The best way to reduce emissions is to purchase and consume less in the first place, and then find someone who can reuse whatever is no longer need before considering recycling or disposal. Due to the way the City accounts for community emissions, the Climate Action Plan does not take credit for reducing upstream emissions. Instead, our greenhouse gas accounting is directly concerned with emissions that are created from the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in the landfill. The — - - — ---- decomposition process creates methane, which is 28 times more potent as a What You Can Do i greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Although landfills capture most of the methane, and some use that methane to create biogas or electricity, about one- #1 Buy only as much as you quarter of it escapes into the atmosphere. need. The good news is that it is relatively easy to divert organic material from the landfill. Paper and cardboard can be recycled. Food scraps, some paper (like napkins and paper towels), and yard waste can be composted, either at home or at the compost facility. Surplus food can be donated to non -profits that distribute it to the needy. About half of the organic material that is put into the landfill is "recoverable." California has established targets to reduce organic waste disposal by 50% by 2020 and 75% by 2030 and has passed several laws to meet those goals. If achieved, emissions in Saratoga's waste sector will be reduced by approximately 3,850 MTCO2e (see the section on State Actions). The measures below are local actions that the City will take to assist in implementing statewide programs and achieve our mutual waste reduction goals. To avoid double counting, no emissions reductions are taken for these local actions. The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from waste. WASTE REDUCTION ACTIONS #2 Buy locally grown food and eat less meat. #3 Put your food scraps in the green can and/or compost them at home. #4 Donate extra food and used clothing and housewares to charities. #5 Don't be a "wishful" recycler. Be scrupulous about how you sort your recyclables. WR-1 Commercial Organic Waste. Work with the City's waste hauler and other organizations to divert commercial organic waste from the landfill through waste reduction, recycling, composting, and participation in food recovery programs. 1. Require the City's waste hauler to conduct outreach and education to businesses subject to State organic waste recycling mandates (AB 1826 and SB 1383) and ensure compliance with the law. 2. Require the City's waste hauler to educate commercial and multi -family property owners on the proper use of on -site recycling and composting facilities. Outreach and education activities may include, but are not limited to, site visits, waste audits, "how-to" demonstrations and presentations, marketing campaigns, and provision of receptacles and signage. 3. Require development projects to provide adequate waste and recycling facilities and access as feasible. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan WR-2 Residential Organic Waste. Work with the City's waste hauler to expand acceptable items for food waste collection and to educate and motivate residents to utilize curbside collection services and home composting for food waste. Outreach and education activities may include, but are not limited to, waste audits, "how-to" demonstrations and presentations, marketing campaigns, and provision of receptacles and signage. WR-3 Construction & Demolition Debris. Require all loads of construction and demolition debris to be processed for recovery of materials as required by law and to the maximum amount feasible. WR-4 Waste Diversion Targets. Review and revise the City's franchise agreement with the City's waste hauler to ensure waste reduction and diversion targets are met. Require regular residential and commercial waste audits and waste characterization studies to identify opportunities for increased diversion and to track progress in meeting targets. WR-5 Extended Producer Responsibility. Encourage the State to regulate the production and packaging of consumer goods and take -back programs. Encourage on -demand delivery services to reduce packaging waste and investigate requirements and incentives for same. WR-6 Waste Reduction. Utilize the City and waste hauler's websites, how-to guides, newsletters, handouts, presentations, events, and other forms of public outreach to promote reuse, repair, and recycling of products and encourage reduced use of packaging and single use items. WR-7 Waste from Public Facilities. Increase opportunities for recycling, reuse, and composting at City facilities. 1. Embark on an educational and social marketing -based campaign to increase recycling, composting, reuse, and waste reduction within municipal operations. 2. Conduct periodic waste audits of City facilities to understand where opportunities for increased diversion lie and to track progress. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan 0 v WATER CONSERVATION Saratoga is no stranger to periodic droughts and the need to conserve water, and the community has responded by reducing per capita water use by about 31%, from 143 gallons per person per day (gpcd) in 2005 to 98 gpcd in 2017. In addition to installing low -flow fixtures (showerheads, faucets, and toilets) and water -efficient appliances (clothes washers and dishwashers), residents and businesses are planting native, drought -tolerant species and even replacing lawns with attractive, low-water use gardens. Good thing, because as temperatures continue to rise, we will experience more droughts and more intense heat waves than before. Saratoga's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory counts emissions that are I What You Can Do generated from the energy used to pump, treat, and convey water from the water source to Saratoga water users. Far more emissions are created from #1 Replace your lawn with a the energy that is used to heat water, but those emissions are counted in the drought -tolerant garden. residential and commercial sectors. Therefore, the water sector comprises a much smaller share of community emissions than one might expect. system Install a drip irrigation system and check it regularly The water agencies that supply Saratoga's water are committed to for leaks. sustainable business practices. San Jose Water Company switched to Santa #3 Install low water flow Clara Valley Clean Energy in 2017, and Santa Clara Valley Water District faucets, showerheads, and (which provides water to San Jose Water Company) has a goal to be carbon toilets. neutral in 2020. As a result, emissions from the water sector are relatively small. While the community has reduced water consumption about 1.9%each #4 Buy water -efficient year since 2005, this plan conservatively assumes water consumption will dishwashers and clothes continue to decline an average of 1% each year through 2030. washers when it's time to The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from water use. replace them. TABLE 8: WATER CONSERVATION ACTIONS WATER CONSERVATION ACTIONS WC-1 Water Conservation. Reduce indoor and outdoor water use in residential and commercial buildings and landscaping. 1. Work with San Jose Water Company (SJWC), Valley Water, and other organizations to promote water conservation programs and incentives. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = 2. Educate residents and businesses about local and State laws requiring retrofit of non -compliant plumbing fixtures during remodeling and at resale. 3. Ensure all projects requiring building permits, plan check, or design review comply with State and SJWC regulations. 4. Encourage the installation of greywater and rainwater collection systems and the use of recycled water where available. WC-2 Municipal Water Use. Reduce indoor and outdoor water use in municipal facilities and operations. Replace high water use plants and inefficient irrigation systems with water -efficient landscaping. Replace turf with water -efficient plantings as appropriate. Replace inefficient plumbing fixtures with high -efficiency fixtures. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan j%i �lft% ��• CARBON SEQUESTRATION The natural environment has been extensively altered by human civilization, often with little consideration for how natural systems function, depriving us of the important benefits they offer. Clearing and draining of wetlands, forestlands, grasslands, and other open space for agricultural production or urban development decreases or eliminates the capacity of those natural systems to store carbon. The carbon dioxide stored in soil, trees, and other vegetation is released into the atmosphere when forestland and open space is converted to other uses. Restoration of these natural areas, and establishment of new ones, has the potential to tie up or sequester greenhouse gas emissions in the form of soil and wood carbon. One way Saratoga can sequester emissions is by encouraging tree planting in the community. TABLE 9: CARBON SEQUESTRATION ACTIONS CARBON SEQUESTRATION ACTIONS What You Can Do #1 Plant trees appropriate to your situation. #2 Add compost to your soil. #3 Purchase carbon offsets for airplane flights and other emissions that are difficult to mitigate. CS-1 City Forest. Increase carbon sequestration and improve air quality and natural cooling by increasing tree cover in Saratoga. 1. Plant additional trees on City -owned land, including public parks, open space, medians, and rights of way, where feasible. 2. Review and amend, as appropriate, parking lot landscape standards to maximize tree cover, shade, size, growth, and sequestration potential. 3. Regulate and minimize removal of large trees and require planting of replacement trees. 4. Require that the site planning, construction, and maintenance of new development preserve existing healthy trees and native vegetation on site to the maximum extent feasible. Replace trees and vegetation not able to be saved where applicable. 5. Encourage community members to plant trees on private land by providing reduced -cost trees to the public through a bulk purchasing program. 6. Provide information to the public, including landscape companies, gardeners, and nurseries, on carbon sequestration rates, drought tolerance, and fire resistance of different tree species. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan 5� ADAPTATION California is already experiencing the effects of climate change. Every year, it seems like the news gets grimmer: more wildfires, more heat waves, longer droughts, more intense storms, less snowpack, and less fresh water. Annual average air temperatures have already increased by about 1.8 °F in California, and that number will likely double even if the world can reduce emissions 80% by 2050. Saratoga needs to be prepared for the likely impacts of climate change, including flooding from more intense storms, health impacts from heat exposure and poor air quality, and safety risks from the increased likelihood of wildfires and landslides. Many of the recommended actions incorporated in this Climate Action Plan will help the community prepare for the effects of climate change. Reducing water use will ease competition for limited water supplies expected from higher temperatures and reduced snowmelt, while reducing electricity use will help ease demand for diminishing hydroelectric power. Other expected effects from climate change — such as higher frequency of large damaging fires and pest and insect epidemics — must be anticipated through adequate public safety, emergency, and public health responses. The City will take the following actions to adapt to climate change. ADAPTATION ACTIONS AD-1 Climate Change Adaptation. Prepare for and respond to the expected impacts of climate change. 1. Continue to incorporate the likelihood of increased risk of wildfire and extreme heat and storm events in the City's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2. Incorporate the likelihood of climate change impacts into City emergency planning and training. 3. Provide cooling centers during extreme heat events.and facilities to recharge batteries and connect to power during power outages such as Public Safety Power Shut off events. Provide public safety notifications to community members, especially vulnerable populations. 4. Consider climate change implications, including wildfire risk, when approving new projects and planning for growth, facilities, and infrastructure in areas potentially affected by climate change. Require mitigation measures, such as defensible space and fire-resistant landscaping and structural design, to reduce identified hazards, as feasible. 5. Coordinate with water districts, wildlife agencies, flood control and fire districts, Santa Clara County, and other relevant organizations to address climate change impacts and develop adaptation strategies. Address human health and the health and adaptability of natural systems, including the following: a. Water resources, including expanded rainwater harvesting, water storage and conservation techniques, water reuse, water -use and irrigation efficiency, and reduction of impervious surfaces. b. Biological resources. c. Public health, including heat -related health plans, vector control, air quality, safe water, and improved sanitation. d. Environmental hazard defenses, including flood control and fire prevention and suppression. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan I & COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT The Climate Action Plan contains actions that the City will undertake to reduce community emissions. While the City can compel some action by adopting ordinances and building regulations, much of the success of our plan will depend on informing community members and encouraging them to take action on their own. This section details the ways in which the City will seek public engagement and work with local businesses and community groups to achieve the emissions reductions identified for actions in other sections of the Plan. The City will take the following actions to engage the community to reduce emissions. TABLE 10: COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ACTIONS What You Can Do #1 Commit to reducing your carbon footprint by taking the actions identified in this Plan. #2 Get your business certified as a Green Business with the Santa Clara County Green Business Program. ID CE-1 Measure Community Education CE-2 Community Outreach CE-3 Advocacy CE-4 Green Businesses COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ACTIONS CE-1 Community Education. Work with community -based outreach organizations to educate and motivate community members on ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their homes, businesses, transportation modes, and other activities. CE-2 Community Outreach. Implement a community -wide public outreach and behavior change campaign to engage residents, businesses, and consumers around the impacts of climate change and the ways individuals and organizations can reduce their GHG emissions and create a more sustainable, resilient, and healthier community. 1. Conduct outreach to a wide variety of neighborhood, business, educational, faith, service, and social organizations. 2. Inform the public about the benefits of installing energy and water efficient appliances and fixtures, electrifying homes and commercial buildings, installing solar energy systems, and purchasing 100% carbon - free and renewable electricity. 3. Inform the public about the benefits of using carbon -free and low -carbon transportation modes, such as driving electric vehicles, walking, bicycling, taking public transportation, and ridesharing. 4. Inform the public about the environmental benefits of eating less meat and dairy products, growing food at home, and purchasing locally produced food. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan 5. Partner with SVCE, Valley Water, PG&E, San Jose Water Company, West Valley Collection & Recycling, Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, and other entities to promote available financing, audits, rebates, incentives, and services to the Saratoga community. 6. Utilize the City's website, newsletters, social media, bill inserts, public service announcements. and advertisements, recognition programs, handouts, presentations, events, and other forms of public outreach. CE-3 Advocacy. Advocate at the state and federal levels for policies and actions that support the rapid transition to GHG-free energy sources, electrification of buildings and the transportation fleet, and other impactful measures to sharply reduce greenhouse gas emissions. CE-4 Green Businesses. Encourage local businesses to participate in the Santa Clara County Green Business Program. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING Plans are only effective if they're implemented and results are carefully evaluated. The City will prepare an annual assessment of its progress implementing the actions contained in this Climate Action Plan and will continue to quantify community and greenhouse gas emissions to determine if it is on track to meet its reduction targets. The City will take the following actions to implement and monitor the Climate Action Plan. TABLE 11: IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING ACTIONS ID IM-1 Measure Annual Monitoring IM-2 Update GHG Emissions Inventories IM-3 Funding Sources IM-4 Update the Climate Action Plan IM-1 Annual Monitoring. Monitor and report on the City's progress annually. Create an annual priorities list for implementation. IM-2 Update GHG Emissions Inventory. Update the greenhouse gas emissions inventory for community emissions annually. IM-3 Funding Sources. 1. Identify funding sources for recommended actions and pursue local, regional, state, and federal grants as appropriate. 2. Investigate creation of a local carbon fund or other permanent source of revenue to implement the Climate Action Plan. IM-4 Update the Climate Action Plan. Update the Climate Action Plan regularly to incorporate new long-term reduction targets and strategies to meet those targets. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = REFERENCES Association of Bay Area Governments and Metropolitan Transportation Commission. (April 2013.) Draft Plan Bay Area Draft Environmental Impact Report. Association of Bay Area Governments and Metropolitan Transportation Commission. (2018.) Plan Boy Area Projections 2040. Retrieved from http://promections.planbayarea.org/. Bedsworth, Louise, Dan Cayan, Guido Franco, Leah Fisher and Sonya Ziaja. (California Governor's Office of Planning and Research, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Energy Commission and California Public Utilities Commission). Statewide Summary Report. California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment. (2018). Publication number: SUMCCCA4-2018-013. https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Statewide Reports-SUM- CCCA4-2018-013 Statewide Summary Report ADA.pdf. Cal -Adapt. https:Hcal-adapt.org/ California Air Resources Board. (2017). California's 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. Retrieved from httr)s://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scoDineDlan/scoping Dlan 2017.odf. California Air Resources Board. https:Hww2.arb.ca.gov/wildfires-climate-change. California Air Resources Board. (June 26, 2020) "EMFAC Off -Model Adjustment Factors for Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Account for the SAFE Vehicles Rule Part One and the Final Safe Rule." Retrieved from httoss://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac off model cot adjustment factors 06262020- final.pdf?utm medium=email&utm source=govdelivery. California Department of Finance, Report E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State, January 1, 2011-2019, with 2010 Benchmark. California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. California Adaptation Planning Guide. Final Public Review Draft. (March 2020). https://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardMitigationSite/Documents/APG2-FINAL-PR-DRAFTAccessible.pdf City of Saratoga. (May 2020). 2017 Greenhouse Gas Inventoryfor Community Emissions and Emissions Forecast through 2050. City of Saratoga. (2010). General Plan Circulation and Scenic Highway Element. City of Saratoga. (2007). General Plan Land Use Element. City of Saratoga. (2007). General Plan Open Space and Conservation Element. Cool Climate Network. Consumption -Based Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Retrieved from https://coolclimate.org/inventorV. Global Footprint Network. National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts 2019 Public Data Package. Retrieved from https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Jones, Christopher and Daniel Kammen. (December 15, 2015). A Consumption -Based Greenhouse Gas Inventory of San Francisco Bay Area Neighborhoods, Cities and Counties: Prioritizing Climate Action for Different Locations. ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability USA. (July 2019). U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Version 1.2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Fifth Assessment Report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (January 15, 2020). "NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal 2019 Second Warmest Year on Record." Retrieved from https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20200115/. Office of the Press Secretary, the White House. "Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards." Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. August 28, 2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press- off ice/2012/08/28/oba ma -ad ministration-fi na lizes-historic-545-m pg-fuel-efficiency-standard U.S. Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ U.S Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. EPA 430-R- 20-002. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. (December 7, 2009.) Final Rule, EPA, Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean Air Act. 74 Fed. Reg. 66495. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Final Rule: Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule Fact Sheet. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan APPENDIX A: IMPLEMENTATION TABLE The work plan in Table A-1 contains information to support staff and community implementation of the measures to effectively integrate them into budgets, the capital improvement program, and other programs and projects. The headings included in Table A-1 are defined as follows: Code: The abbreviation that is used to refer to the strategy in the CAP. Strategy/Action: The strategy language used to guide actions and the specific actions that will be used to implement the strategy. Time Frame: The year by which a measure should be effective by year's end. For a measure to be effective, the necessary programs and efforts should be active, and any infrastructure or other capital improvements should be in place. Once effective, many measures will continue through 2030, so they do not have end dates. Time frames for effectively setting up the measures are described as follows: • Ongoing (continuation of an action that has been implemented since 2018) • Near -Term (by 2023) • Mid -Term (by 2025) • Long -Term (by 2030) City Staff Time: The estimated cost to the City (in staff hours) to complete implementation of the measure, identified as follows: • Low (less than 80 hours) • Medium (80-500 hours) • High (more than 500 hours) GHG Reductions (MTCO2e): Amount of GHG emissions reduced by 2030. If no amount is identified, either additional information is needed to quantify a reduction amount or the action is supportive of another action, as described in the CAP. Key Metrics: Targets and datapoints that the City will use to track progress and measure success. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan T C 7 O c_ U U) M u O fO U W a+ ++ V c w co a) V) W L -0o Y > c u1 w ra N N ra In v- OD '— O ++ rLa to 41 cr rn H Z O d OV G N Lu l7"' x U. 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Ft. 629,618 1,259,236 629,618 Service Population (population+jobs) 39,952 40,084 40,297 43,205 46,0721 3,121 Population data provided by M-Group 2015-2017 household, population, and persons per household data from Cal. Department of Finance E-5 Report (2019) 2030 and 2040 household data derived from M-Group population projections and ABAG Person Per Household projections from ABAG-MTC's Plan Bay Area Projections 2040 (November 2018): http://mtcmedia.s3.amazonaws.com/files/Projections_2040-ABAG- MTC-web.pdf. 2017 data is interpolated from 2015 and 2020 values. 2015 and 2020 jobs data from ABAG's Plan Bay Area Projections 2040 (November 2018). 2030 and 2040 projections data provided by M-Group. rRi 2017 156,589,136 2,179,762 138,149 158,907,047 2020 159,654,813 2,125,032 138,149 161,917,994 2030 163,190,068 2,338,366 138,149 165,666,583 2040 163,242,792 2,598,713 138,149 165,979,654 Passenger vehicle data from http://capvmt.us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/data PeMS derived from Caltrans PeMS 17.1 http://pems.dot.ca.gov Commercial VMTdata from MTC utilizing 2017 Regional Transportation Plan forecasts LEHD share from https://onthemap.ces.census.gov/ Bus VMTwithin Saratoga City limits, calculated from Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority schedules and route maps for routes 26, 37, 53, 57 and 58. 2018 data used as a proxy for all other years. Emission Factors 2020 2030 PG&E electricity 0.0000964 MTCO2e/kWh 0.0000922 MTCO2e/kWh SVCE electricity' 0.0000000 MTCO2e/kWh 0.0000000 MTCO2e/kWh DAelectricity 0.0001962 MTCO2e/kWh 0.0001294 MTCO2e/kWh Electricity, weighted average 0.0000639 MTCO2e/kWh 0.0000556 MTCO2e/kWh Residential electricity, weighted average 0.0000536 MTCO2e/kWh 0.0000513 MTCO2e/kWh Commercial electricity, weighted average 0.0000395 MTCO2e/kWh 0.0000378 MTCO2e/kWh Natural Gas 0.0053187 MTCO2e/therm 0.0053187 MTCO2e/therm Gasoline/off-road 0.0088523 MTCO2/gallon 0.0088523 MTCO2/gallon Diesel/off-road 0.0102951 MTCO2/gallon 0.0102951 MTCO2/gallon Transportation coefficient 0.0003288 MTCO2e/mile 0,0002620 MTCO2e/mile Passenger vehicle coefficient 0.0003148 MTCO2e/mile 0.0002494 MTCO2e/mile Passenger vehicle coefficient w/oEVs 0.0002609 MTCO2e/mile Commercial vehicle coefficient 0.0012533 MTCO2e/mile 0.0010247 MTCO2e/mile Bus coefficient 0.0022605 MTCO2e/mile 0.0022605 MTCO2e/mile 2Weighted average is based on 2017 electricity load distribution as follows: PG&E 47.17% SVCE 43.44% Other Direct Access 9.38% 3 Residential weighted average is based on 2017 load distribution as follows: PG&E 55.61% SVCE 44.39% ° Commercial weighted average is based on 2017 load distribution without DA as follows: PG&E 40.99% SVCE 59.01 % Other Direct Access 0.00% City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan ZERO MISSION.Ur- Action Develop a Zero Emission Vehicle Plan that will result in 25%of passenger vehicles in Saratoga to be zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), including plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, by 2030. Consider incorporating the following actions in the plan: 1. Work with SVCE to implement and update the Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Joint Action Plan. 2. Adopt reach codes that require EV-ready infrastructure and charging station installation above State baseline building requirements for new and remodeled residential, multi -family and commercial projects. 3. Adopt permit streamlining practices to expedite the approval process for new EV infrastructure and charging station installation. 4. Work with SVCE to identify multi -family sites and corridors appropriate for EV fast chargers. 5. Work with SVCE to promote available rebates and technical support for multi- family and workplace sites. 6. Provide free or low-cost charging for ZEVs at City parking lots. 7. Provide wayfinding signage to public EV chargers. 8. Require new and remodeled gas stations to provide EVfast chargers and hydrogen fueling stations. 9. Participate in programs to promote EV adoption, including "Drive an EW events and other media and outreach campaigns. 10. Encourage or require, as practicable, ride hailing and delivery service companies to utilize zero emission vehicles. 11. Promote adoption of electric bicycles, scooters and motorcycles. Target 25% of VMTfrom Saratoga residents and workers is driven by ZEVs by 2030. Reductions (MTCOze) -7,263.6 2030 Methodology Santa Clara County has approximately 13%of all ZEVs in California (DMV, 1-1-19), or 61,344 ZEVs in Santa Clara County out of a total 478,542 ZEVs in California. ZEVs include battery electric cars (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cell vehicles. CARB's proposed strategy is to put4.2 million ZEVs on the road by 2030, which is approximately 14%of light duty vehicles in California in 2030. In January 2018, Governor Jerry Brown issued Executive Order B-48-18 set a new goal of having total of 5 million ZEVs in California in 2030. In January 2019, DMV reports there were 37,789 battery EVs, 22,748 plug-in hybrid EVs, and 807 fuel cell vehicles, for a total of 61,344 ZEVs in Santa Clara County. We conservatively assume the same percentage of EVs in Saratoga in 2030: 62% battery EVs and 38%plug-in hybrids. Therewere 1,417,534 registered automobiles in Santa Clara County in 2019. ZEVS represent an estimated 4.3%of registered automobiles in Santa Clara County in 2019. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan In January 2019, DMV reports there were 1,797 BEVs, 773 PH EVs, and 59 fuel cell vehicles registered to Saratoga residents (zip codes 95070 and 95071), for a total of 2,629 ZEVs.This represents 0.59%of all ZEVS in California in 2019. 74% of the distance PH EVs drive is electric (Smart etal, 2014). EV kWh/mile is 0.32 (US Dept of Energy). Assuming the same share of ZEV ownership in Santa Clara County in 2030 as in 2019 (12.82%) means there would be approximately 538,440 ZEVs registered in Santa Clara County by 2030, or approximately 38%of existing automobile registrations. We conservatively assume 25% of the projected number of registered automobiles will be ZEVs in Santa Clara County by 2030. This would require an average annual growth rate of 18%. Electric vehicle sales in California grew by 20% in 2016, followed by 29%growth in 2017 (ICCT, 2018). The number of ZEVs grew 35% in Santa Clara County between 2018 and 2019. This data suggests that an annual growth rate of 18% is reasonable, especially as the number of models expands and battery technology and charging capacity improves. Silicon Valley Clean Energy is projecting a seven -fold increase in EVs registered in its territory between the end of 2018 (approximately 26,000 EVs) and 2025 (190,000 EVs) under business -as -usual scenario. We are conservatively projecting six- fold increase in the number of EVs between 2018 and 2030. According to the Department of Energy, towns (population 2,500 to 50,000) need 54 public EV plugs per 1,000 PEVs. The City has installed 10 EV charging stations at City Hall, downtown and the library (10 Level II ports and 10 Level I ports) and is i nsta I I i ng two Level II EV chargers (four ports total) at the Senior Center. Sources California Air Resources Board, 2017 Scoping Plan. Smart, J., Bradley, T., and Salisbury, S., "Actual Versus Estimated Utility Factor of a Large Set of Privately Owned Chevrolet Volts," SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 3(1):2014, doi :10.4271/2014-01-1803. U.S, Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions_sources.html. Sales weighted average of 2016 model year vehicles with sales in 2015:2015 sales from "U.S. Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales by Model" (https://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/vehicles.htmi); MPGs from 2016 Fuel Economy Guide (https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/) The International Council on Clean Transportation, "California's continued electric vehicle market development," May 2018, https ://www.thei cct.org/sites/default/fi I es/publications/CA-ci tyEV-Bri efi ng- 20180507.pdf. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan US Department of Energy, "National Plug -In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Analysis," September 2017. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fyl7osti/69031.pdf Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Vehicle Miles Dataportal, http://capvmt.us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/, accessed 11/13/19. California Department of Motor Vehicles, Estimated Vehicles Registered by County for the Period January 1 through December 31, 2019," "Fuel Type by County as of 1/l/2019," and "Fuel Type by Zip Code as of 1/l/2019." Silicon Valley Clean Energy, "Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Joint Action Plan," September 2019. Calculation Number of registered Santa Clara ZEVs in January 2018 45,373, Projected number of registered passenger vehicles in Santa Clara County in 2030 1,477,289 7 Percent of ZEVs in Santa Clara County in 2030 25% Projected number of ZEVs in Santa Clara County in 2030 369,322 Increase in ZEVs 323,949 Additional ZEVs as a percent of Santa Clara vehicles 21.9% Saratoga passenger VMT(Live In/Work In Area only) 112,553,206 miles VMTfrom additional ZEVs 24,681,378 miles VMT driven with electricity 22,692,059 miles Emissions without EV program 8,460 MTCO2e Tailpipe emissions reduction with EVprogram 7,778 MTCO2e Electricity used by ZEVs 7,261,459 kWh Electricity emissions from ZEVs 515 MTCO2e Emissions reduction 71264 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Action Encourage bicycling as an alternativeto vehicular travel. Establish and maintain a system of bicycle faci I iti es that are cons i stent with the Ci ty's General Plan, Bicycle and Master Pedestrian Plan, and Complete Streets policies. Target 7.06 miles of Class I bike paths and 3.82 miles of Class II bike lanes constructed by 2030. GP Related Policies Policy Cl 5.1: Develop and maintain a Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan, which will outline policies and improvements to streets, trails and pathways to create a safe way for people of all ages to bike and walk on a daily basis. Policy Cl 5.2: Integratethe City's bikeway and walkway system with those of adjacent communities, where economically feasible. Policy Cl 5.3: Pursue the expansion and continuation of the multi -use path alongthe Union Pacific Railroad alignment (Joe's trail) east of Saratoga Avenue and west of Saratoga -Sunnyvale Road that wi I I link the Stevens Creek Recreational Trail in Cupertino with the Los Gatos Creek Trail in Los Gatos. Policy CI 5.4: Pursue other potential rights -of -way such as Santa Clara Valley Water District and utility easements for bicycle, pedestrian, and/or equestrian trail development. Policy CI 5.5: Promote safer and more direct connections between pedestrian and bicycle generators (i.e. schools, library, trails, parks, the Village, and other non-residential uses). Reductions (MTCOze) -328.5 2030 Methodology and Studies cited by CAPCOA show each additional mile of bike lanes per square Assumptions mile increases the share of workers commuting by bicycle by 1% (CAPCOASDT- 5). We haveapplied this to thefollowing population segments: • Live i n/work in area • Live i n/work out of a rea • Live in a rea/non-worker • Live out of area/work in area Sources Bay Area Air Quality Management District Vehicle Miles Traveled Dataportal, http://capvmt.us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/data. California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Governmentto Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010. Personal communication with Franziska Church, Senior Associate, Fehr and Peers, April 15, 2020. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Calculation VMT generated by targeted population segments 112,553,206 miles Miles of new Class I bike lanes 7.06 miles Miles of new Class II bike lanes 3.82 miles Total miles new bike lanes 10.88 miles New bike lanes per square mile 0.85 Reduction in local VMT 958,199 miles Emissions reductions 328.5 MTCOze City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Action Encourage walking as an alternative to vehicular travel. Establish and maintain a system of pedestrian facilities that are consistent with the City's General Plan, Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan, and Complete Streets policies. Target 1%red uction in VMTfor vehicle trips that start and end in Saratoga by 2030. Related GP Policies Policy Cl 5.1: Develop and maintain a Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan, which will outline policies and improvements to streets, trails and pathways to createa safewayfor people of all ages to bike and walk on a daily basis. Policy Cl 5.2: Integrate the City's bikeway and walkway system with those of adjacent communities, where economically feasible. Policy CI 5.3: Pursuethe expansion and continuation of the multi -use path along the Union Pacific Railroad alignment (Doe's trail) east of Saratoga Avenue and west of Saratoga -Sunnyvale Road that will link the Stevens Creek Recreational Trail in Cupertino with the Los Gatos Creek Trail in Los Gatos. Policy CI 5.4: Pursue other potential rights -of -way such as Santa Clara Valley Water District and utility easements for bicycle, pedestrian, and/or equestrian trail development. Policy Cl 5.5: Promotesafer and more direct connections between pedestrian and bicycle generators (i.e. schools, library, trails, parks, the Village, and other non-residential uses). Reductions (MTCOze) -16 2030 Methodology and Studies cited by CAPCOAshow pedestrian network improvements can reduce Assumptions VMT1-2% (CAPCOASDT-1). We applythis to passenger vehicle trips thatstart and end in Saratoga and assumea 1%reduction 2030. Sources California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010. Bay Area Air Quality Management District Vehicle Miles Traveled Data Portal, http://capvmt.us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/data Calculation Passenger vehicle trips starting and ending in Saratoga 4,782,902 miles %decrease in VMTdue to pedestrian improvements 1.0% Annual decrease in VMT 47,829 miles GHG emissions reductions 16 MTCOze City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan ! Program Description Reducevehicle miles traveled commutingto workthrough thefollowing actions: 1. Work with Santa Clara VTAand the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) to promote transportation demand programs to local employers, such as rideshare matching programs, vanpool incentive programs, emergency ride home programs, telecommuting, transit use discounts and subsidies, showers and changing facilities, bicycle racks and lockers, and other incentives to use transportation other than single occupant vehicles. 2. Embark on an outreach and educational campaign to encourage employees to reduce vehicle trips. Target 100%of covered employers provide an employee trip reduction program. GP Related Policies Policy Cl 5.7: Develop a set of practical and realistic transportation demand management (TDM) measures that can be used by employers in the City to reduce the number of single -occupant vehicle trips. These measures would encourage ride -sharing and transit alternatives. Reductions (MTCOZe) -36.4 2030 Methodology SB 1339 requires employers with 50 or more employees within the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's geographic boundaries to offer their employees specific alternative commute incentives, including the option to pay for their transit or vanpooling with pre-tax dollars, a subsidy to reduce or cover the employee's transit or vanpool costs, or free or low-cost bus, shuttle or vanpool service operated by or for the employer. CAPCOA Measure TRT-1. Assuminga suburban center and 100%of employees areeligiblefor incentives, VMTreduction is 5.4%. Measure assumes the employer support program will include carpooling, ride - matching, preferential carpool parking, flexiblework schedules for carpools, vanpool assistance, bicycle parking, showers, and locker MTC identifies 35 businesses with 50 or more employees in Saratoga. 13 of these businesses were unregistered as of April 2020. There were 592 estimated employees associated with 8 of the 13 non -registered employers. We conservatively assume the other 5 employees have the minimum of 50 employees. We assume all of these employers participate in the program by 2030. We assume 240 work days per year. Sources California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resourcefor Local Governmentto Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010. Personal communication with Corey Dodge, Program Coordinator, Bay Area Metro, April 2, 2020. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = PUBLIC TRANSIT Action.. Support and promote public transit by taking the fol I owing actions: 1. Work with Santa Clara VaIIeyTransportation Authority (VTA) to maximize ridership through expansion and/or improvement of transit routes, schedule, and stops. 2. Encourage VTAto use renewable diesel as a transition fuel and to purchase electric buses whenever replacing existing buses serving Saratoga. Target 50% of buses serving Saratoga are electric and the remaining buses use renewa bl e diesel by 2030. Related GP Policies Policy Cl 4.1: Coordinate with the Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) to improvetransit infrastructure, transit stop amenities, service range and frequency and access in the City. Policy Cl 4.2: Install transit improvements (such as shelters, benches, and schedules) to improve service, increase safety, and maintain traffic flow on streets serving as transit routes. Reductions (MTCOze) -244.9 2030 Methodology VTA lines 26, 37, 53, 57 and 58 travel approximately 138,149 miles each year within Saratoga's jurisdictional boundary. CARB adopted the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) Rule in December 2018. This rule outlines a transition of California transit agencies to a zero emission fleet by 2040. 100%of transit agencies' bus purchases must be zero emission beginning in 2029. VTA's Vehicle Replacement Plan identifies purchases that will achieve the ICT zero emission fleet mandate in 2040. We assume 50% of VTA's vehicle fleet will be electric by 2030. Sources Calculation Transitmiles, BAU 138,149 miles Emissions BAU 312 MTCOZe Percentage of renewable Diesel VMT 50% Percentage of electric bus VMT 50% Tailpipe emissions 67 MTCOze GHG emissions reductions 245 MTCOze City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan 1' 'f , Action Support Safe Routes to School and strive to increase bicycling, walking, carpooling, and taking public transit to school. 1. Promote school and student participation by encouraging schools to implement and/or expand Safe Routes to school programs. 2. Identify issues associated with unsafe bicycle and pedestrian facilities between neighborhoods and schools, applyfor Safe Routes to School grants, and execute plans to improve pedestrian and bicycIefaciIities. Target 29%decrease in number of children arriving to school by car. Related GP Policies Policy Cl 4.3: Encourage public school districts, private schools, recreation groups and other operators to develop a local bus system and to expand ride - sharing activities thatwill help to reduce school-generatedvehicletrafficin neighborhoods and on City streets. Bussing should be one of the first measures considered, along with walking and biking, to reduce school generated traffic before substantial roadway capacity enhancements are implemented. Policy Cl 5.6: Improve pedestrian and bicycle access to all public and private schools to enhance safety. Policy CI.8.1: Promote Safe Routes to Schools programs for all public and private schools serving the City. Policy CI.8.2: Prioritize bicycle and pedestrian safety improvements in street modification projects that affect school travel routes to enhance safe school access. Policy C1.8.3: Support education programs that promote safe walking and bicycling to schools. Reductions (MTCO2e) -188.3 2030 Methodology and To demonstratethe benefits of providing Safe Routes to Schools, the Marin Assumptions County Bicycle Coalition recruited nine pilotschools in four different geographic locations. Initial surveys reported that 62%of the students were arriving by car, with only 14%walking, 7% biking to school, 11%carpool, and 6%arriving by bus. Every school in the pilot program held periodic Walk and Biketo School Days and participated in the Frequent Rider Miles contest, which rewarded children who cameto school walking, biking, by carpool or bus. At the end of the pilot program, the participating schools experienced a 57% increase in the number of children walking and biking and a 29%decrease in the number of children arriving alone in a car. Average one way school trip lengths in Marin County are 1.7 miles for elementary and middle schools and 2.3 miles for high schools. We assume similar transportation mode rates and trip lengths for Saratoga schools. Sources greatschools.org Transportation Authority of Marin Safe Routes to School Marin County, http://www.saferoutestoschools.org/history.html#success City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Calculation Number of students in Saratoga elementary schools 2,377 ' Number of students in Saratoga middle school 761 Number of students in Saratoga high school 1,371 Average trip length elementary school student 1.7 miles Average trip length middle school student 1.7 miles Averagetrip length high school student 2.3 miles Percent of student estimated to drive to school 62% Potential percentdecrease in students drivingto school 29% VMTavoided 549,405 miles Emissions reductions 188.3 MTCOZe City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan ZERO AND LOW• Action Purchase or lease zero -emission vehicles for the City fleet whenever feasible, and when not, the most fuel -efficient models available. Promote City adoption and procurement of zero -emission vehicles and charging infrastructure to the public. Target 50%decrease in gasoline consumption for City vehicles by 2030. Reductions (MTCOze) -43.3 2030 Methodology and As vehicles are replaced, therewill beopportunities to purchase/lease Assumptions electric vehicles or improve vehicle fuel efficiency with similar models. For City electric vehicles, we assume EVs are powered with SVCE electricity and therefore produce no emissions. Sources City of Saratoga Calculation City vehicle fIeetgasolinecons umption �� 9,780 gallons City fleet tail pipe emissions 87 MTCOZ Fuel reduction 50% Emissions reductions 43.3 MTCOze City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan® LOW CARBON Action Use low -carbon fuel such as renewable diesel as a transition fuel in the City's fleet and encourage the City's service providers to do the same. Target 100% of diesel use is replaced with renewable diesel by 2030. Reductions (MTCOZe) -5 2030 Methodology and Emission factor for renewable diesel derived from data from Nexgen Fuel. Assumptions Sources City of Saratoga http://www.nexgenfuel.com/fleets-commerciaI-use/ Calculation City fleet diesel consumption 830 gallons Renewable diesel percentage 100% Emissions from diesel fuel 9 MTCOZe Emissions from renewable diesel fuel 3 MTCOZe Emissions reductions 5 MTCOZe City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Action Provide City employees with incentives to use alternatives to single occupant auto commuting, such as free electric vehicle charging, transits ubsidies, bicycle faci I ities, rides haring services, fIexi ble schedules, and telecommuti ng when practical. Target 5%reduction in city employee commute VMT. Reductions (MTCOze) -2.3 2030 Methodology and The City of Saratoga implemented one of the required four commuter benefit Assumptions options in 2014, specifically the Alternative Commuter Benefitoption, which consists of one required primary measure, plus two required secondary measures from a pre —approved list. The City of Saratoga qualifies for the primary measure with its 9/80 compressed workweek schedule and the two secondary measures: secure, on -site bicycle parking; and showers and lockers for employees. Staff are encouraged to take public transportation or bicycle ride to work. The City provides bicycle racks near the Warner Hutton House and the Recreation Department. Showers and lockers are also available for employees at City Hall and the Corporation Yard. This measure assumes the City will augment its commuter benefits to include actions such as: providing free charging for EV s atthe Civic Center; providing transit subsidies; and encouraging telecommuting. CAPCOA Measure TRT-1. Assuming a suburban center and 100%of employees are eligible for incentives, VMT reduction is 5.4%. We assume City of Saratoga commute VMT is similar to average dai ly VMT of Saratoga employees. We also assume an average of 240 work days for a City empl oyee. Sources California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010. Calculation Number of City employees 56 Estimated daily VMT per employee 9.7 miles Estimated annual VMT for City employees 130,953 miles Reduction in VMT 5.2% VMT avoided j 6,810 miles Emissions reduction (MTCOze) 2.3 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Action Support SVCE in the continued delivery of 100%GHG-free electricity. Target 100% GHG-free el ectri c i ty from SVCE th rough 2030. Reductions (MTCO2e) -3,651.2 2030 Methodology SVCE provides 100%GHG-free electricity to its customers. SVCE began serving Saratoga customers in April 2017. As of October 2018, the territory -wide opt -out rate for Silicon Valley Clean Energy was 3.2 percent. This opt -out rate is assumed for Saratoga customers and is applied to the overal I PG&E load. Sources https://www.svcI ea nenergy. org j Calculation SVCE electricity use, BAU 68,890,936 kWh PG&E electricity use, BAU 73,392,598 kWh Total SVCE and PG&E electricity use, BAU 142,283,534 kWh Electricity saved from other measures 33,558,163 kWh Future SVCE electricity use 105,246,159 kWh Future PG&E electricity use 3,479,212 kWh Additional SVCE electricity use 36,355,222 kWh PG emissions reductions 3,651.2 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Action Accelerate installation of solar and other renewable energy installations and energy storage systems at residential and commercial buildings and sites, and at community faci I ities. 1. ®rovi de sol a r permit streamlining and reduce or eliminate fees, as feasible. 2. Amend building codes, development codes, design guidelines, and zoning ordinances, as necessary, to facilitate small, medium, and large-scale solar installations. 3. Encourage installation of solar panels on rooftops and over parking areas on commercial projects, schools, and residential developments. 4. Pdenti fy a nd promote fi na nci ng a nd loan programs for residential and non- residential solar projects. 5. Encourage installation of battery storage in conjunction with renewable energy generation projects. Target 1,452 KW DC distributed solar capacity added each year on average. Reductions (MTCO2e) -1,528.1 2030 Methodology Accordingto ProjectSunroof, 94%of Saratoga buildings haveroofs thataresolar- viable. These 10,300 roofs have the capacity for 228 MW DC and could generate 327,000,000 kWh per year, which is more than the 139,488,000 kWh consumed in Saratoga in 2017. Project Sunroof estimates there are 1,400 existing solar installations in Saratoga. As of the end of 2017, there were 1,382 installed residential PVsystems in Saratoga accordingto California Solar Statistics. An average of 1,223 KW DC has been installed in Saratoga each year since 2012, excluding industrial installations. We assume new distributed solar capacitywill be added at the same rate as 2018-2019 through 2030, or 1,452 KW DC each year. Sources California Distributed Generation Statistics, "NEM Currently Interconnected Data Set," https://www.californiadgstats.ca.gov/downloads/, as of January 31, 2020. Project Sunroof, https://www.google.com/get/sunroof/data- explorer/place/ChIJRf47R3CahYARV2ndbPAFwMk/, accessed March 12, 2020. Calculation Solar capacity added 2018-2019 2,903 KW DC Average solar added annually 1,452 KW DC Additional solar 2020-2030 15,968 KW DC Additional electricity produced by distributed PV 27,364,074 kWh GHG emissions reductions 1,528.1 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan MUNICIPAL Action 00 Continue to purchase SVCE 100% GHG-free energy for all facilities. Reductions (MTCOze) -16.6 2030 Methodology and Assumptions Purchase remaining electricity from SVCE. Sources City ofSaratoga PG&E BiIIs Calculation City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan BUILDINGGREEN CO Action Imp I ement the City's green bui l ding ordinance that requires a l l new res i denti a l and non-residential buildings to use electric heat pump technology for their space and water heating and requires natural gas appliances, if installed, to be electric -ready. Implement Municipal Code Section 16-47.040 which requires new commercial buildings to exceed Title 24 energy efficiency requirements by Reductions (MTCOZe) -2,350.4 2030 Methodology and The City adopted a reach code in December 2019 that requires all new Assumptions residential and non-residential buildings to use electric heat pump technology for their space and water heating. Natural gas is permitted as a fuel sourcefor clothes drying, food cooking, and fireplaces. However, buildings using natural gas appliances mustalso be "electric -ready," meaningthatthe location of a natural gas appliance is capableof supporting an electric appliance in the future. Replacing residential s pa ce a nd water systems in Climate Zone 4 that use natural gas with systems that use heat pumps and electricity reduces emissions by approximately 95%(derived from CRASS, Tables 2-9 and 2-25). We assume the same emissions reduction for electrifying non-residential space heating systems. An estimated 88%of new homes use natural gas for ranges and ovens and 58% use natural gas for dryers (CRASS, Table 2-22). We assume the ordinance will reduce these numbers by half. An estimated 97%of homes in climate zone 4 use natural gas for primary space heating and 91% use natural gas for water heating (CRASS, Table 2-25). We assume the ordinance reduces these numbers by 100%. Electricity used to power these systems is regulated under Title 24, which requires solar energy to supply energy requirements. CAPCOA Measure BE-1 used for estimating non-residential building electricity savings subjectto Municipal Code Section 16-47.040. Sources 2009 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study (CRASS), Volume 2, Tables 2-6, 2-9, 2-22 and 2-25. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2010pu bl i cati ons/CEC-200-2010-004/CEC-200-2010- 004-V2.PDF California Energy Commission, California Commercial End -Use Survey (March 2006), https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-400-2006-005/CEC- 400-2006-005.PDF California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resourcefor Local Governmentto Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan = Calculation Residential New housing units, 2020-2030 787 units Reduction in appliances that use natural gas 50% Estimated natural gas use for space heating, per housing unit 160 therms Estimated natural gas use for water heating, per housing unit 195 therms Estimated annual natural gas usefor cooktop and range 35 therms Estimated natural gas use for clothes dryer 27 therms Total natural gas reduced for appliances and heatingsystems 279,989 therms Estimated electricity use for cooktop and range 268 kWh Estimated electricity use for clothes dryer 549 kWh Total electricity used for electrified appliances 218,032 kWh GHG emissions reductions 1,477.0 MTCO2e Commercial New construction natural gas use 2020-2030, BAU, for heating, cooling, and water heating 172,776 therms Estimated reduction in emissions after adjustingfor additional electricity use 95% GHG emissions reductions from reduced natural gas use 873.0 MTCO2e Percent over Title 24 Energy Requirements 15 % New construction electricity use, BAU 6,464,910 kWh New construction electricity use, after Title 24 4,045,094 kWh Additional reduction in electricity use 10,922 kWh GHG emissions reductions from reduced electricity use 0.4 MTCO2e GHG emissions reductions 873.4 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan a Action Promote and expand participation in residential and commercial energy efficiency and electrification programs. 1. Workwith organizations and agencies such as Silicon Valley Clean Energy and PG&E to promote and implement energy efficiency and electrification programs and actions. 2. Promote utility, state, and federal rebate, incentive, financing, and loan programs. Target Electricity and natural gas consumption is reduced an averageof 0.5% per year between 2017 and 2030. Reductions (MTCOZe) -3,410.8 2030 Methodology We are forecasting an annual electricity savings of0.5%and an annual natural gas savings of0.5%based on the fol I owi ng: The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency states among its key findings "consistently funded, well -designed programs are cutting annual savings for a given program year of 0.15 to 1 percent of energy sales." The American Council for an Energy -Efficiency Economy (ACEE) reports for states already operating substantial energy efficiency programs, energy efficiency goals of one percent, as a percentage of energy sales, is a reasonable level to target. Silicon Valley Clean Energy's Implementation Plan states "With regard to SVCEA's anticipated energy efficiency savings, a reasonable baseline assumption (for efficiency savings related to the demand -side portion of the SVCE resource plan) appears to be steady growth towards 0.5 percent of SVCEA's projected energy sales by 2024. These savings would be in addition to the savings achieved by PG&E administered programs. " Electricity consumption declined 9%between 2005 and 2017 (including electricity generated by distributed PV), or an averageof 0.8% per year in Saratoga. Natural gas consumption declined 14%between 2005 and 2017 in Saratoga, or an average of 1.1% per year. In order to avoid double counting, we exclude energy consumed by commercial buildings that are expected to be redeveloped under General Plan full build -out. This includes 311,870 sq. ft. of existing commercial buildings and 51,205 sq. ft. of existing office use. We assume 400 sq. ft. per employee for commercial use and 250 sq. ft. per employee for office use. We assume one-half of this redevelopment will occur by 2030. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Sources Silicon Valley Clean Energy Community Choice Aggregation Implementation Plan and Statement of Intent, July 2016. National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, July 2006, Section 6: Energy Efficiency Program Best Practices (pages 5-6). Energy Efficiency Resource Standards: Experience and Recommendations, Steve Nadel, March 2006 ACEEE Report E063 (pages 28-30). Personal communication with Heather Bradley, M-Group, 5/13/20. Calculation Residential and commercial electricity use, 2017 139,487,797 kWh Less estimated electricity used in redeveloped commercial sites 1,630,724 kWh Less electricity used in government operations 660,104 kWh Less electricity savings from Lighting Efficiency Act 1,025,191 kWh Annual reduction in electricity consumption 0.5% Electricity savings 8,851,166 kWh Residential and commercial natural gas use, 2017 8,099,811 therms Less estimated natural gas used in redeveloped commercial sites 36,717 therms Less natural gas used in government operations 11,882 therms Annual reduction in natural gas consumption 0.5% Natural gas savings less government use 523,329 therms GHG emissions reductions 3,410.8 MTCOZe City of Saratoga Climate Action Planim Action Rep Iace energy-inefficientstreet, parking Iotand other municipal outdoor lights with LED lights. Target Replace all streetlights with LED lamps. Reductions (MTCO2e) -7.6 2030 Methodology The City has converted its 13 traffic signals and 95 streetlights in Saratoga Village to LED. As of December 2017, 155 of PG&E and City -owned streetlights had been converted to LED, leaving 180 high pressure sodium and 18 mercury vapor streetlights. An analysis of PG&E bills and tariff schedule shows these 198 streetlights annually use 150,468 kWh. Converting to LED can reduce electricity consumption by 50%or more. As of March 2020, therewere 111 high pressure sodium and 11 mercury vapor streetlights leftto beconverted to LED. Sources City of Saratoga PG&E Bills PG&E Electric Schedule LS-1, Cal. P.U.C. Sheet No. 45482-E PG&E Electric Schedule LS-2, Cal. P.U.C. Sheet No. 33883-E Calculation Number of streetlights to be converted to LED 198 Annual electricity consumption 150,468 kWh Electricity reduction 50% Electricity savings 75,234 kWh Reduction in electricity emissions 7.6 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan MUM.,: , . , :..... Action Identify and implement energy efficiency projects in municipal buildings and facilities and electrification of existing building systems and equi pment that use natural gas. Target Reduce energy use in municipal buildings and facilities 20%by 2030. Reductions (MTCOze) -15.6 2030 Methodology and Complete remaining viable energy efficiency projects identified in the 2009 Assumptions Siemens Clean Energy Project Preliminary Study, including: upgrade of existing interior fluorescent lighting to LED lighting and installation of occupancy room sensors; upgrade existing HVAC systems and other equipmenttomore efficient units; installation ofsolarthermal heating systems; installation of energy management systems to monitor and optimize heating and cooling levels; and installation of PC power management system. In 2014, the City installed a cool roof at the Joan Pisani Community Center, which reflects the sun's energy back to the sky instead of allowing it to enter the building as heat. The cool roof was expected to cool the building's roof by an average of 20 to 30 degrees, reducing the need for costly air conditioning use. Benefits from reduced electricity use are reflected in the baseline inventory for 2017. The City has also installed cool roofs on the theater and City Hall buildings. By 2009, the City had upgraded all lights in City buildings to more efficient T8 lights. As these burn out, the City is replacing them with LED lights. We assume the City can reduce energy use 20%through upgrade of remaining HVAC systems, continued upgrade to LED lights, installation of energy management systems, and potential installation of solar hot water heater and/or heat pump system. Sources Siemens Building Technologies, Inc., "Clean Energy Project Preliminary Study," September 23, 2009. Caiculation Annual electricity use in buildings 449,443 kWh Annual natural gas use in buildings 11,882 therms Energy savings 20 % Annual electricity savings 89,889 kWh Annual natural gas savings 2,376 therms GHG emissions reductions 15.6 MTCOze City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan WATER • • Action Reduce indoor and outdoor water use in residential and commercial buildings and landscaping. 1. Work with San Jose Water Company (SJWC), Valley Water, and other organizations to promote water conservation programs and incentives. 2. Educate residents and businesses about local and State laws requiring retrofit of non -compliant plumbing fixtures during remodeling and at resale. 3. Ensure all projects requiring building permits, plan check, or design review comply with State and SJWC regulations. 4. Encourage the installation ofgreywater and rainwater collection systems and the use of recycled water where available. Target Reduce water consumption 1 % each year. GP Related Policies Policy OSC-11.1:Implement water conservation provisions of the San Jose Water Company's Urban Water Management Plan. Reductions (MTCOZe) -44.0 2030 Methodology and Saratoga water consumption declined from 1,547 million gallons (MG) Assumptions per year in 2005 to 1,128 MG, a decrease of 27%, or approximately 1.9% per year. We conservatively assume a 1% annual reduction in water consumption for years 2018-2030. Sources Personal Communication with Colby Sneed, Director of Operations, San Jose Water Company. Calculation Water emissions, 2017 338 MTCOZe Annual decrease in water consumption 1.0% Annual decrease in water emissions 3.4 MTCOZe GHG emissions reduction 44.0 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan ""FFITY FORMS Action Increase carbon sequestration and improve air quality and natural cooling through increasing tree cover in Saratoga. 1. Plant additional trees on City -owned land, including public parks, open space, medians, and rights of way, where feasible. 2. Review parking lot landscape standards to maximize tree cover, shade, size, growth, and sequestration potential. 3. Regulate and minimize removal of I a rge trees and require planting of replacement trees. 4. Require thatthe site planning, construction and maintenance of new development preserve existing healthy trees and native vegetation on site to the maximum extent feasible. Replace trees a nd vegeta ti on not a bl a to be saved where aplIicable. 5. Encourage community members to plant trees on private land. Provide reduced -cost trees to the public through a bulk purchasing program. 6. Provide information to the public, including landscape companies, gardeners and nurseries, on carbon sequestration rates, d rought tol era nce, and fire resistance of different tree species. Target Plant 700 net new trees each year between 2020 and 2030. Reductions (MTCOZe) -247.8 2030 Methodology and Sequestration: CAPCOA Measure V-1. Assumed default annual sequestration rate Assumptions of .0354 MTCO2 accumulation per tree per year and an active growing period of 20 years. Thereafter, the accumulation of carbon in biomass slows with age, and will be completely offset by losses from clipping, pruning, and occasional death. In 2016, the City challenged residents to plant 2,020 trees by the year 2020 after Saratoga lost a significant number of trees due to the drought. To reach this goal, the City partnered with Our City Forest to offer residents discounted trees. By May 2019, the City and community planted more than 2,100 trees, or approximately 700 trees per year. We assume the City can maintain this rate by continuing the program through 2030. Sources California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Governmentto Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010. Calculation Annual sequestration rate per tree 0.0354 MTCO2 Number of net newtrees planted each year 700 Number of years 10 Number of trees planted over period in active growi ng stage in inventory year 7,000 GHG emissions reduction from sequestration 247.8 MTCOze l City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan 1:. '1 I Reductions (MTCOze) -13,638.6 2030 Program Description Currentfederal and State regulations and standards will reduce transportation emissions from the light and heavy duty fleet. These include: 1. Pavley Standards which increase fuel economy standards for light -duty vehicles for 2009-2016 model years. 2.Advanced Clean Cars Program which will reduce greenhouse gas and smog emissions for light -duty vehicles sold between 2017 and 2025. New automobiles will emit34 percentfewer GHG emissions and 75 percentfewer smog -forming emissions. 3. ARB Tractor -Trailer Greenhouse Gas Regulations which accelerate the use of low rolling resistancetires and aerodynamic fairing to reduce GHG emissions in the heavy-duty truck fleet. 4. Heavy Duty GHG Emissions Standards (Phase One) which establish GHG and fuel efficiency standards for medium duty and heavy duty engines and vehicles for 2014 2018 model years. Methodology and Transportation emissions estimated using EMFAC 2017. Emission factors Assumptions have been adjusted to account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Part One and the Final SAFE Rule. Sources California Air Resources Board, EMFAC2017 v.1.0.2. California Air Resources Board, EMFAC2014 Volume III -Technical Documentation, v1.0.7, May 12, 2015 California Air Resources Board, "EMFAC Off -Model Adjustment Factors for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Part One and the Final SAFE Rule," June 26, 2020, https:Hww3.a rb.ca.gov/msei/emfac_off_model_co2_adj ustment_factors_06262020 fi na I .pdf?utm_medi um=ema i I &utm_sou rce=govdel i very Calculation Passenger VMT, BAU 163,190,068 VMT Passenger VMT, net reductions from other measures 138,836,253 VMT Commercial VMT, BAU 2,338,366 VMT Emissions, BAU 50,658 MTCOze Emissions with regulations 37,019 MTCOze Reduction in emissions 13,639 MT— City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO i Program Description Established in 2002 in Senate Bill 1078, the Renewable Portfolio Standard program requires electricity providers to increasethe portion of energythat comes from eligible renewable sources, including solar, wind, small hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass and biowaste, to 20 percent by 2010 and to 33 percent by 2020. Senate Bill 350, passed in September of 2015, increases the renewable requirementto 50 percent by the end of 2030. Senate Bill 100, passed in September 2018, accelerated the RPS standard to 60 percent by 2030 and zero carbon by 2045. Reductions (MTCO2e) -1,528.6 2030 Methodology and This State Action assumes PG&E and Direct Access entities will meetthe Assumptions Renewable Portfolio Standard requirements and thatthese entities will carry the same share of the community's electricity load as in 2016. GHG reductions related to MCE's GHG reduction policies are quantified separately as a local action. California Public Utilities Code Section 454.52 requires each load -serving entity to procure at least 50 percent eligible renewable energy resources by 2030 and to meetthe economywide reductions of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. The CPUC calculator version 3c provides projected emission factors for 2020. That number is higher than PG&E's 2017 emission factor. We therefore assume the same 2017 PG&E emission factor for 2020. For 2030, the CPUC has set electric sector GHG reductions at a level that represents a 50% reduction from 2015 levels. We therefore apply a 50% reduction to PG&E and DA 2015 emission factors to forecast 2030 emission factors. Sources GHG Calculator, version 3c_Oct2010. PG&E, "Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors: Guidance for PG&E Customers," November 2015, https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/envi ronment/ca I cul ator/pge_ ghg_emi ss i on_fa ctor_i nfo_s heet.pdf California Public Utilities Commission "CPUC Adopts Groundbreaking Path to Reduce Greenhouse Gases in Electric Sector," Press Release Docket #: R.16-02- 007, Feb. 8, 2018. Calculation Electricity use, BAU 155,371,7kWh Electricity saved through other State actions 2,226, Electricity saved through local actions 28,911, Net electricity use (PG&E) 3,479, Net electricity use (DA) 13,087,793 kWh Electricity emissions, BAU 3,628 MTCO2e Electricity emissions w/RPS 2,100 MTCO2e GHG emission reductions 1,528.6 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Program Description The California Energy Commission (CEC) promotes energy efficiency and conservation by setting theState's building efficiency standards. Title 24 of theCalifornia Codeof Regulations consists of regulations that cover the structural, electrical, mechanical, and plumbing system of every building constructed or altered after 1978. The building energy efficiency standards are updated on an approximate three-year cycle, and each cycle imposes increasingly higher demands on energy efficiency and conservation. The California Energy Commission's 2007Integrated Policy Report established the goa I that new building standards achieve "net zero energy" levels by 2020 for residences and by 2030 for commercial buildings. Reductions (MTCOZe) -339.7 2030 Methodology and Estimated commercial energy use is based on annual electricity and natural gas Assumptions intensities for all commercial buildings in the PG&E service area as reported in the California Commercial End -Use Survey. Only end uses covered by Title 24 (heating, cooling, ventilation, water heating and, after 2019, lighting) are included in the analysis. Estimated residential energy use assumes 97%of homes use natural gas for primary space heating and 91%for water heating prior to 2020. Beginning in 2020, we assume 100%of homes use electricity for water heating and primary space heating due to the City's reach code ordinance adopted in December 2019 that requires all new residential buildings to use electric heat pump technology for their space and water heating. We assume all new homes install central air conditioning and outdoor lighting. Only end uses covered by Title 24 are included in the analysis. Estimated energy reductions for the 2016 and 2019 building codes based on information provided by the California Energy Commission, CAPCOA Measure BE-1 used for estimating building energy savings. We assume all residential electricity use subject to Title 24 is offset by mandatory solar installation beginning with the 2019 building code. No natural gas consumption subject to Title 24 is assumed after 2020 due to City's reach code ordinance adopted in December 2019 that requires all new non- residential buildings to use electric heat pump technology for their space and water heati ng. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Sources California Energy Commission, 2016 Energy Standards Overview (June 15, 2016), https://www.lgc.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2016-Energy- Sta nda rds-Overvi ew-Ca I iforni a-Energy-Commi s s i on.pdf California Energy Commission, https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/title24/2019standards/documents/2018 Title_24_2019_B u i l d i ng_Sta nda rds_FAQ.pdf California Energy Commission, California Commercial End -Use Survey (March 2006), https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2006pu bl i cati ons/CEC-400-2006-005/CEC-400-2006- 005.PDF 2009 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study (CRASS), Volume 2. http://www.energy.ca .gov/2010pu bl i ca ti ons/CEC-200-2010-004/CEC-200-2010-004- V2.PDF California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010. City of Saratoga, Annual Housing Element Progress Report for 2019. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan O O O u r (a UCLO In Ln 0 N > L c Z ro N to OE v > rn o 0 c0 O � O O '.G N Ln M OA a) 0 > O N a) w N � 0 0 0 N n O w 0 0 m U c Ol L �a1 O � O O_ N O Z L 41 O > 0 o 4-aj o 00 O O u 00 r-1 9 O C Ln a) > T E to :3 m U u a N a1 N W C CD W N n o IR C N d4 C Co N Ln t0 O O L E e-i 'i-+ u O p N E O to a) CL N a O to p C = m > T `n 4=. N a) @ "a aJ C W aN) C � o .y a ° U Y c p N +L U � � 3 a I' U Z O a) fO n — a) O t a) a) C a' m Z O rn Ln p O l0 [V u N f � O C7 L Y .c w tin m t.D -I 'ct �D O O m m =1 00 Ln m m O 0 O m -1 o LO � �t -J J N H N ci N c-I O H O N O ci N C O O U N = U -C- lO 7 z _ v O � s O0 =5 rn m o OL O m N O J Q N H O c-1 O Ln Ln N Ln N M N O O m 00 00 N O N w M 00 c-I 00 c-I N N N ei ci O O w O O m m N O N rn m N � I- o O rn m rn m o o o m - .1 v N 00 0 d' N v 71 O u ^ -0 m c > > c m In m V)ru vO vO OJ U U 3 y U U D Z; N N aJ y c0 (9 z i) ED z z C O MM Ln U ON N m L _0 a1 tto Z3 � O C7 L Y L O tD W :3 ,1 rn IH 00 0 O V Q1 J N Q l0 N 0 H O 0 C O U O N = U � D v O s O O 00 O O L N o J Q N H O I- 00 O M V ci M O V1 f N N i) LD N m N � N O N M il I) Ql N N V O O N m Ln 0 N O N O 0 0 N 00 O N N O- N N O v a) N H a, o L N 00 u :3 13 u � ti4 c c '> cu CO = a1 N v U U L E U L O O N W U W C a U • • Program Description AB 1109, the Lighting Efficiency and Toxic Reduction Act, tasks the California Energy Commission (CEC) with reducing lighting energy usage in indoor residences by no less than 50%from 2007 levels by 2018, as well as requires a 25%reduction in indoor and outdoor commercial buildings by the same date. To achieve these efficiency levels, the CEC applies its existing appliance efficiency standards to include lighting products, as well as requires minimum lumen/watt standards for different categories of lighting products. The bill also expands existing incentives for energy efficient lighting. Reductions (MTCO2e) -72.7 2030 Methodology and 5.2%of nonresidential electricity is used for outdoor lighting (California Assumptions Energy Commission 2006) 28.9%of nonresidential electricity is used for indoor lighting (California Energy Commission 2006) Residences use 1,342 kWh for indoor lighting on average (U.S. Department of Energy 2012) The CEC reports that between 2008 and 2010, interior residential lighting electricity dropped 7%, commercial interior lighting electricity dropped 13%, and commercial outdoor lighting dropped 6 percent. We assume 1/8 of the remaining goal will be achieved between 2017 and 2018. Sources Itron, Inc., "California Commercial End -Use Survey," California Energy Commission, March 2006, Publication Number: CEC-400-2006-005, p. 186. Accessed March 26, 2015. Navigant Consulting, Inc., "2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization," U.S. Department of Energy, January 2012, p. 42. Accessed March 26, 2015. <http://a pps i.eere.energy.gov/bu i I d i ngs/publ i cati ons/pdfs/ss l/2010-1 mc- final-jan-2012.pdf> CC 7 t: it 'j0"! Residential electricity indoor lighting use, 2017 14,539,228 kWh Commercial electricity use, 2017 43,753,568 kWh Commercial indoor lighting use, 2017 12,644,781 kWh Commercial outdoor lighting use, 2017 2,275,186 kWh Reduction in residential electricity use 781,484 kWh Reduction in commercial indoor lighting use 189,672 kWh Reduction in commercial outdoor lighting use 54,036 kWh GHG emission reductions 72.7 MTCO2e City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan Reductions (MTCOZe) -3,853.1 2030 Program Description Passed in 2014, AB 1826 requires businesses to recycletheir organic waste, depending on the amount of waste they generate per week. Organic waste means food waste, green waste, landscape and pruning waste, nonhazardous wood waste, and food -soiled paper waste that is mixed in with food waste. The law phases in mandatory recycling of commercial organics over time. In 2017, businesses that generate 4 cubic yards of organic waste per week were required to arrange for organic waste recycling services and divert all organic waste they produce. In 2019, the law extended to businesses that generate 4 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste. The State law is intended to reduce statewide disposal of organic waste by 50% by 2020. If that target is not met, the law wi II be extended to cover businesses that generate 2 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste. Passed in 2016, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50% reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75% reduction by 2025. The lawgrants CalRecycle the regulatory authority required to achieve the organic waste disposal reduction targets and establishes an additional targetthat not less than 20%of currently disposed ediblefood is recovered for human consumption by 2025. In 2022, CalRecycle may begin to issue penalties for non-compliance. On January 1, 2024, the regulations may require local jurisdictions to impose penalties for noncompliance on regulated entities subject to their authority. TheState's Green Building Code (CALGreen) requires residential and non-residential development projects to recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65% of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste. The City of Saratoga contracts with Green Halo, a third party web -based data collection system, to document construction waste diversion as required by the California Green Building Code. Methodology and We assume a 75% reduction in organic waste from 2014 levels by 2030. Assumptions Calculation te emissions, 2014 4,658.0 MTCOZe ction in waste emissions Fargeted 75% GHG emissions 1,164.5 MTCOze teemissions,2017 5,017.6 MTCOze GHG emissions reduction 3,853.1 MTCOze City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan APPENDIX C: GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS The GHG emissions reduction targets established in this CAP align with the Statewide reduction goal to reduce emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. In addition to this goal, the California Air Resources Board's 2017Scoping Plan provides guidance to local governments on how to address State goals in local plans with per capita emissions targets. As stated in the Scoping Plan (pages 99-100): "CARE recommends statewide targets of no more than six metric tons CO2e per capita by 2030 and no more than two metric tons CO2e per capita by 2050. The statewide per capita targets account for all emissions sectors in the State, statewide population forecasts, and the statewide reductions necessary to achieve the 2030 statewide target under SB 32 and the longer term State emissions reduction goal of 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. The statewide per capita targets are also consistent with Executive Order S-3-05, B-30- 15, and the Under 2 MOU that California originated with Baden-Wurttemberg and has now been signed or endorsed by 188 jurisdictions representing 39 countries and six continents... Since the statewide per capita targets are based on the statewide GHG emissions inventory that includes all emissions sectors in the State, it is appropriate for local jurisdictions to derive evidence -based local per capita goals based on local emissions sectors and population projections that are consistent with the framework used to develop the statewide per capita targets." Table C-1 shows the information provided in the Scoping Plan regarding statewide baseline (1990) and projected (2030) emissions by sector. TABLE C-1: ESTIMATED CHANGE IN STATEWIDE GHG EMISSIONS BY SECTOR (MMTCO2e) ,0 Emissions under 2017 Scoping Sector (MMTCO2e) (low end) Transportation 152 103 -32% -14% Residential and Commercial 44 38 -15% Industrial 98 83 8 267% Electric Power 3 g 14% Recycling and Waste 7 -8% Agriculture 26 24 30 -72% High GWP 108 Source: CARB, 2017 Scoping Tian, i Gale 3 , P. .31 In order to derive an appropriate local per capita target based on local emissions sectors, the project team estimated 1990 emissions for subcategories based on year 2000 emissions as reported in CARB's California Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2000-2017. Table C-2 identifies the subcategories and emissions that are included in the Saratoga's Community -wide GHG Emissions Inventory to determine the local per capita target. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan TABLE C-2: ESTIMATED GHG EMISSIONS BY SECTOR AND SUBCATEGORY (MMTCO2e) Transportation 152 On -Road 139.11 Passenger Vehicles 105.74 Heavy Duty Vehicles 33.36 Ships &Commercial Boats .10 4.10 Aviation (intrastate) 139.11 -32% 1 94.59 1 Rail 1.59 Off -Road 2.22 1.144 0.77 Unspecified 1.67 Commercial & Residential 44 -14% Residential Fuel Use 30.19 Natural Gas 28.01 28.01 24.08 Other Fuels 1.41 1.41 1.21 Fugitive Emissions 0.78 Commercial Fuel Use 11.48 Natural Gas 10.06 10.06 8.65 Other Fuels 1.42 Commercial Cogeneration Heat Output 1.09 Other Commercial and Residential 1.24 Industrial 98 -15% Refineries and Hydrogen Production 28.69 General Fuel Use 20.37 Natural Gas 16.92 16.92 14.38 Other Fuels 3.45 Oil & Gas Production & Processing 19.51 Fuel Use 17.64 Fugitive Emissions 1.88 Cement Plants 9.56 Clinker Production 5.55 Fuel Use 4.00 Cogeneration Heat Output 11.76 Other Fugitive and Process Emissions 8.10 Natural Gas Transmission & Distribution 3.54 Manufacturing 0.32 Wastewater Treatment 1.87 1.87 1.59 City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan]= .. Applicabler 30 Target Sector and Subcategory CA .,Categories 1990 Level to for Applicable Emissions'Saratoga SaratogaCAP Target2 Other 2.36 Electric Power 108 -72% Electricity Generation - In State 60.72 60.72 17.00 Natural Gas 52.45 Other Fuels 7.05 Fugitive and Process Emissions 1.21 Electricity Generation - Imports 47.28 47.28 13.24 Unspecified Imports 14.70 Specified Imports 32.59 Recycling & Waste 7 14% Landfills 6.88 6.88 7.84 Composting 0.12 Agriculture 26 -8% Livestock 16.05 Enteric Fermentation (Digestive Process) 8.28 Manure Management 7.77 Crop Growing & Harvesting 6.75 Fertilizers 5.25 Soil Preparation and Disturbances 1.44 Crop Residue Burning 0.07 General Fuel Use 3.20 Diesel 2.12 Natural Gas 0.82 Gasoline 0.26 Other Fuels 0.01 High-GWP 3 267% Depleting Substance (ODS) Substitutes 2.66 Electricity Grid SF6 Losses 0.24 Semiconductor Manufacturing 0.10 TOTAL 438 339 �nnn -46% iccinnc as renortad 183 by CARB in the ISubcategory emissions are estimated by applying the proporbondie ][Id1= r=a - •- __ . California Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2000-2017 - by Category as Defined in the 2008 Scoping Plan to 1990 emissions as reported by sector in the 2017Scoping Plan. z From Table C-1. 3 Derived by multiplying Column C by the applicable sector reduction in Column B. 4 Local emissions for the Off -Road category are adjusted to reflect only the categories that are included in the communitywide GHG inventory. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan The projected statewide population that was used for the Scoping Plan is inferred by dividing total projected emissions for 2030 (260 MMTCO2e) by the statewide per capita target (6 MTCO2e) for a population of 43,333,333. The local per capita goal is calculated by dividing total projected emissions for the applicable Saratoga CAP categories (183 MMTCO2e) by the statewide population. The local target for 2030 would therefore be 4.2 MTCO2e. However, the California statewide population is expected to grow approximately 6.8% between 2017 and 2030, while the Saratoga population is forecasted to increase 4.6%."Adjusting for the difference in population growth yields an adjusted local per capita target for 2030 of 4.1 MTCO2e. CARB recommends a statewide per capita target of 2 MTCO2e for 2050, which is one-third of the 2030 target. The corresponding local target is therefore one-third of 4.1 MTCO2e, or 1.4 MTCO2e per capita in 2050. CARB further recommends expressing GHG emissions reduction goals in mass emissions, per capita emissions, and service population emissions. These are shown in Table C-3. TABLE C-3: LOCAL EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS PER 2017 SCOPING PLAN GUIDANCE A Projected Population for Saratoga 2030 32,792 2050 33,922 �113 Projected Jobs for Saratoga 10,413 12,150 C Projected Service Population for Unincorporated Marin (A + 8) 43,205 46,072 D Per Capita Target (MTCO2e) 4.1 1.4 E Mass Emissions Target (MTCO2e) (A x D) 134,447 47,491 rF Per Service Population Target (MTCO2e) (E/C) 3.1 1.0 The emissions reductions in 2030 expected to be achieved through the implementation of this CAP exceed these targets as follows: ✓ Mass Emissions in 2030: 89,051 MTCO2e ✓ Per Capita Emissions in 2030: 2.7 MTCO2e ✓ Per Service Population Emissions in 2030: 2.1 MTCO2e 12 Statewide population growth is derived from CA Department of Finance, Table P-1: State Population Projections (2010-2060), baseline 2019. City of Saratoga Climate Action Plan